Baker Assignment 1 Part 2 Spring 2022

ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022 J. Packy Laverty laverty@rmu.edu

To better Access and Search the content of this assignment, turn on the Word Navigation Pane (Windows - Click on View and Check Navigation; MAC – Click on View and Select Document Map). Students will find that using the document FIND tool or searching GOOGLE may also be valuable for researching the review question answer. P a g e 2 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

While I permit cut-and-paste, I do expect you use your own words so that you: 1. Organize the answer 2. Demonstrate that you have read what you have cut-and-pasted 3. Use any means that clearly displays that you have gained knowledge. Enter your Name Here è Nicholas Baker 4.0 - Binary Representation and Character Encoding Review Data Representation Codes and Data Types Document 4.1 Binary Representation (Storage) of Numeric Data Electronically, a digital computer is only capable of storing, understanding and processing information as combination of bits. A bit is conceptually similar to a simple light switch. Either the switch is on or it is off. Early computer hardware used a variety of different electronic technologies to store a bit. The following are some early pictures of storing bit from Pingdom ( http://royal.pingdom.com/2008/04/08/the-history-of-computer-data-storage-in-pictures/ ) and Timeline of Computer History http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/ The 1024-bit Selectron. The Magnetic Drum Can you imagine the size of your laptop if we would store a bit using these 1940s and 50s technologies? It doesn't matter which electronic storage method is used, a bit is any device that is capable of having two states. It is either ON or OFF. Most modern computers have electronic components that in theory works like a light switch it is either ON or OFF. To make life easier, the number 1 is used to represent ON or True. The number 0 is used to represent the OFF or false. Binary electronics are reliable and inexpensive to build. Since all digital computer operations are based on two numeric states. All hardware computer functions are built on a combination of bits or multiples of twos, i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 258, 512 and 1024. A combination of bits may be called byte or word. What is more important to remember is that a Binary Representation Code must be used by a computer to understand the meaning of those combination of bits. ASCII and ECBDIC are two examples of binary codes. P a g e 4 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

While electrical engineers may get excited about the basic bit (or one light switch), a bit does little to help an average person store or manipulate human data and information inside a computer. A bit can only represent two states. Symbolically, the ON state can represent a "Passing Grade" and the OFF state can represent a "Failing Grade" Paul Revere was his famous for warning that the British were coming used a binary digit, or two simple values. "One by Land and Two by Sea". As history reports this data representation system was quite adequate. But, what if the British want to stop at Heinz Field during a Pittsburgh Steeler's game to eat a Parmenitti Bros Sandwich before the attack? There was no third state that could represent this change in the battle plan. (A little bit of humor - a real little bit. What can you expect from a Steeler fan?) 4.2 Questions - Binary Representation (Storage) of Numeric Data Review Data Representation Codes and Data Types Document Video - Lesson 1: Bits and Byte https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmSelKbP4sc&list=PLAPTMtRxw27aMpAaIH1ZZU6U1GwkXAJC- &index=2 Video - Lesson 2: Memory Addresses https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yF_txERujps&index=3&list=PLAPTMtRxw27aMpAaIH1ZZU6U1GwkXAJC- Video - Lesson 3: Integer Types in Memory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCJ93TZS1xg&index=4&list=PLAPTMtRxw27aMpAaIH1ZZU6U1GwkXAJC- P a g e 5 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

2. To convert decimal 1024 to binary, select the Bin option. Decimal 1024 is stored as 10000000000 in binary. To convert 10000000000 represented in binary to decimal, simply select the Bin option. You can easily convert Binary or Decimal representation to Hexadecimal or Octal, by also selecting the target data representation method. 4.2.2 Qword, Dword, Word, or Byte The Programmer calculator provides options Qword, Dword, Word, or Byte. These options specify the number of binary bits can be stored in the binary representation code. The more bits, the larger the number may be process or the size of a processor register. For example,  Qword uses 64-bits and can store and process a number up to 16 Exabytes  Dword uses 32-bits and can store and process a number up to 4 Gigabytes  Word uses 16-bits and can store and process a number up to 1 Kilobyte  Byte uses 8 bits and can store and process a number up to 256. 4.2.3 Precision and Accuracy Precision describes the number of bit used to express a numerical value. Therefore, 64-bit codes will have more precision than 32-bit codes. Accuracy describes how correct an answer is. Since a computer stores number in binary, it cannot represent all of the numbers that a human mind can process accurately. While the greater number of bits (precision) of a binary code, e.g., 128-bit and 256-bit processors, will increase accuracy by minimize digital rounding errors, only a human can eliminate these errors. 4.2.4 The Movie Hidden Figures You are encouraged to watch the non-fiction movie titled Hidden Figures. Hidden Figures tells the incredible untold story of Katherine Jonson (Taraji P. Henson), Dorothy Vaughan (Octavia Spencer) and Mary Jackson (Janelle Monae), three brilliant African-American women working at NASA who served as the brains behind the launch into orbit of astronaut John Glenn, a stunning achievement that turned around the Space Race. P a g e 7 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

At the start of the movie Kevin Costner and Jim Parsons (of Big Bang Theory) were NASA mathematicians responsible for manually calculating the complex and accurate equations, which pioneered space flight. However, manual calculations were so tedious and slow. Dorothy Vaughan applied first IBM 7090 mainframe and FORTRAN to calculate landing coordinates for the first orbit space mission for Friendship 7. The challenges to prove the accuracy of the new mainframe equations and calculation to manual equations was a very dramatic life and death moment for Astronaut John Glenn. While these early computer and mathematical professional pioneered space flight, the challenges that face future Computer Precision and Accuracy applications will continue as we travel deeper in space, build more complex building structures, or scientifically analyze medical research data. 1. A Binary Number has two states 1 and 0. Why were multiple digit binary codes, e.g., 8-bit, 16-bit, 32 and 64- bit codes, created to handle some of the limitations associated with simple binary numbers? Your answer is Each one was created to deal with more complicated symbols such as 32bit being able to use more english letters and 64bit being able to use chinese characters. . 2. Integer, Floating Point, and Fixed Point are alternative binary representation methods to store numeric values and process mathematical operations on the content. What are the "practical" differences between the use of Integer and Floating-Point codes? Your answer is Floating-point code will greatly increase the range of any number that you can store. However, using floating- point code when it is not needed will increase the processing time to accommodate the floating-point calculations. Also the practical difference between integer and floating-Point codes are that floating point can represent much larger numbers in binary then what can be represented by an integer. It is much easier to read converted floating-point codes while integers are much narrower to represent. 3. DEFINE and EXPLAIN the differences between accuracy and precision when using a floating pointy numeric code? Your answer is Bigger codes such as 64 bit will be more precise than 16bit and since binary cannot use numbers other than 0 and 1 there is less accuracy when binary is trying to represent them. . 4. Using the movie of Hidden Figures explain the difference between quality and speed of Human accuracy and precision and computer accuracy precision both in the past and in the future. Your answer is In the past computers were still being developed and were not as accurate as they are today. Therefore, in that time humans were the computers of choice. However, now a computer can be much faster and more accurate than a human can. . 5. If 64-bit floating point or integer codes have greater precision than 16-bit floating point or integer codes, what are the practical advantages and disadvantages of having greater storage precision? Your answer is The advantages of having greater storage precision are that more information can be stored in one spot more precisely. The disadvantage is that 64bit code is greater in bit size is that it will increase the processing overhead and processing time. . 6. Covert the decimal number 56092 into binary. Your answer is 1101101100011100 . P a g e 8 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

4.3 Question – 1/3 * 3 Review Data Representation Codes and Data Types Document 1. When numeric data is stored using either the fixed or floating-point code what is the ANSWER of "1 divided 3 times 3, or (1/3 * 3)? Explain your answer. (Hint: review the Data Representation Power Point in Blackboard). Your answer is .99999999 because a processor can only process two operands at one time. 1 divided by 3 is .3333333333 stored as a primitive floating-point answer and 3 times ..333333333 is .99999999 not 1. 4.4 Questions - Binary Representation (Storage) of Character Data Review Data Representation Codes and Data Types Document - 1.4 Character Primitive Data types Text Link - ASCII http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii Text Link - Unicode http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Text Link – EBCDIC https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIC Text link - ASCII Number Values and Binary http://www.roubaixinteractive.com/PlayGround/Binary_Conversion/The_Characters.asp 1. Explain the function, strengths and weaknesses of the following character codes 7-bit ASCII, 8-bit ASCII, and 16-bit Unicode. (Hint: many great answers to this question in the Binary Representation Presentation) Character Code s Functions, Strengths and Weaknesses 7-bit ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Uppercase and lowercase letters, special characters, but no special formatting characters. Used by SMTP, POP3, IMAP4. 128 combinations. 8-Bit Extended ASCII (ANSI) Code Uppercase and lowercase letters, special characters, and special formatting characters. 8bit ANSCI is used by most non IBM legacy applications and operating systems. Both have 256 combinations. 8-Bit EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) Uppercase and lowercase letters, special characters, and special formatting characters. 8bit EBCDIC is used by most IBM mainframes while 8bit ANSCI is used by most non IBM legacy applications and operating systems. Both have 256 combinations. UTF-8 Uppercase and lowercase letters, special characters, and special formatting characters. 16-bit Unicode 65,536 combinations. Includes ASCII codes in English represent international character sets. Default character code for Microsoft Office and Windows. P a g e 10 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

4.4.1 Comparing ASCII, EBCDIC, HEX and Binary Use the following link ASCII or EBCDIC Translation Tables http://www.simotime.com/asc2ebc1.htm Each ASCII or EBCDIC capital-case letter, lower-case letter, digit, space or special character is stored as a with arbitrary integer number. In the Simotime table the DECimal column displays each character's arbitrary number. For example, digit "0" is stored as the decimal number 48. Remember, all stored characters, whether or not it appears stored number can be mathematically processed.  The digit "0" is represented by ASCII number 48.  The upper-case Letter "A" is represented by ASCII number 65.  The lower-case letter "a" is represented by ASCII number 97. The following table displays the character string "Go Steelers 2019 " Line 1 displays the arbitrary ASCII character's decimal value from the Simotime table. This ASCII character number, converted to binary, is what the CPU and the programming language executes. Line 2 displays the arbitrary EBCDIC character's decimal value from the Simotime table. This EBCDIC number, converted to binary, is what the CPU and the programming language executes. Line 3 displays the hexadecimal value for the character encoded in ASCII. The Hex values will be different for EBCDIC.) Programming languages or the CPU does not understand hexadecimal values. Hexadecimal values is widely used to provide a more user-friendly way to display binary numbers, which is executed by the CPU. Text-> G o S t e e l e r s ! 2 0 1 8 1 ASCII 71 11 1 32 53 11 6 10 1 10 1 10 8 10 1 11 11 5 33 32 50 48 49 56 2 EBCDI C 19 9 15 0 64 22 6 16 2 13 3 13 3 14 7 13 3 15 3 16 2 90 64 24 2 24 0 24 1 24 8 3 HEX of ASCII 47 6F 20 53 74 65 65 6C 65 72 73 21 20 32 30 31 38 4 Binary of ASCII 0100 0111 0110 1111 001 0 000 0 0101 0011 0111 0100 0110 0101 0110 0101 0110 1100 0110 0101 0111 0010 0111 0011 001 0 000 1 001 0 000 0 0011 0010 0011 0000 0011 0001 0011 1000 Line 4 displays the binary character encoded in ASCII using 8 binary bits. Review the column with the character "8". This is not a numeric number 8. The 8-bit integer binary number 8 is 0000 1000 . But the character "8" is 0011 1000 Why? Because ASCII stored the binary number 58, which is binary is 0011 1000 Notice the importance of hexadecimal as being the shorter user-friendly version of binary. Again review the column with the character "8". The Hex value would be 38, but the longer 8-bit integer code would be 0011 1000 P a g e 11 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

1. What is the function of Character Encoding in relationship to the storage of numeric and alphanumeric data in the system memory, a program, a data file or a database? Your answer is Character encoding shows the way a coded character set is mapped into bytes to be used by the computer. Character encoding determines the combination of bits that are stored and processed. 2. What is the function of Character Set in relationship to the storage of numeric and alphanumeric data in the system memory, a program, a data file or a database? Your answer is Character sets determine the visual representation of character displayed on a web page. To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know the character set used in the page. Character sets are also collections of characters that might be used by multiple languages. 3. Given the Java statements int hours; double pay, rate. Explain whether these Java statements are related to Character Encoding or Character Sets. Your answer is These java statements are related because in java “int” tells java to store the number as an integer value and “double” tells it to store it as a decimal/float value. Java is encoding the way the values are stored similar to how characters are encoded and stored. 4. Given the following standards: UTF-8, UTF-16, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-6, Latin, Extended Latin. Explain whether these Java statements are related to Character Encoding or Character Sets. Your answer is These are related because they are standards that can be represented through character encoding and character sets. Collating sequence https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_ibm_i_61/db2/rbafzsortsequence.htm Collating Sequence - The EBCDIC & ASCII Environments http://www.simotime.com/cblclt01.htm P a g e 13 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

4.6 ASCII and EBCDIC Translation Tables and Collating Sequence Review Data Representation Codes and Data Types Document ASCII or EBCDIC Translation Tables http://www.simotime.com/asc2ebc1.htm Use the ASCII or EBCDIC Translation Tables. Under the ASCII column search to the listed character in the following table, and then provide the decimal value. Under the EBDIC column search to the listed character in the following table, and then provide the decimal value. Be careful to distinguish between upper and lower case letters, numbers, and spaces. Complete the following table ASCII Character ASCII Decimal Value EBCDIC Character EBCDIC Decimal Value A 65 A 193 a 97 A 129 Space Space 1 1 3 3 Z z ASCII and EBCDIC characters are actually stored as binary values, either 7or bits. To better understand the storage of ASCII or EBCDIC, one should review the decimal value or decimal number. While the letter "A" is stored as a number, the processor or operating system does not treat the value as a number that may be added, subtracted, or any other math operation. Programming languages and databases store numeric and character data as string, integer, and floating point data types. Programming languages specify data type rules such as "You cannot perform a mathematical operation on strings, such as adding the letter "A" to the letter "T", i.e.., "A" + "T". While both ASCII and ECBDIC do stores characters as numbers behind the scenes, these character storage numbers are arbitrary and have no mathematical significance. Other programming language data type rules would be that it would illogical to perform math on a character "1", "2", or "3", or to compare ASCII or ECBDIC strings to numeric codes. However, the following questions will ask you to consider another set of data type rules called "collating sequence" which will affect how character codes are compared or sorted. 4.7 Questions - ASCII and EBCDIC Collating Sequences 1. Explain the concept of the Collating Sequence. Your answer is A collating sequence defines how characters in a character set relate to each other when they are compared and ordered. 2. Many systems can store character data in a data file or database as either ASCII, ANSI, ECBDIC, or UNICODE. Why is it important to specify character encoding scheme in relationship to the concept of the Collating Sequence? Your answer is It allows the processes that are done on the data to be easier and more organized. It allows for rational comparisons and sorting. 3. Using the previous link for a table of ASCII decimal values, why won't the capital letter "A" be equal to a lower-case letter "a", i.e. IF "A" = "a" …. Your answer is If the lower case letters and capital letters had the same value the computer would not be able to distinguish between a lower case letter and a capital letter. 4. Using the previous link for a table of ASCII decimal values, if you compare the capital letter "A" to the character numeric digit "1", which will be greater, i.e., IF "A" > "1" Your answer is P a g e 14 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

4.9 Questions - Hexadecimal Notation Review Data Representation Codes and Data Types Document Representation See 1.5 Hexadecimal Notation Text link- Why are memory addresses are represented using hexadecimal numbers? https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5329916/why-are-memory-addresses-are-represented-using-hexadecimal- numbers Text Link- Colors on web pages http://www.linfo.org/hexadecimal.html Text link - CDMA Hardware Identifiers - ESN, MEID, pESN https://sites.google.com/site/bbayles/index/cdma_hardware_id Text Link- Working with Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers https://www.lifewire.com/working-with-binary-and-hexadecimal-numbers-816247 Video - Hexadecimal Math – CompTIA Network+ N10-006 – 5.2 https://www.professormesser.com/network-plus/n10-006/hexadecimal-math/ 1. Explain the most important reason why computer professional use hexadecimal notation instead of binary. Answer è The most important reason computer professionals use hex notation instead of binary is because it is much easier to represent binary numbers in hex notation than it is in any other binary coding system. 2. List several programming languages or operation systems that use binary, floating-point , ASCII, EBCDIC or Unicode to store and process data. Answer è IBM mainframe, IBM, Apple IOS, Mac OS 3. List several programming languages or operation systems that use hexadecimal to store and process data. Answer è No Computer or Programming Language uses, stores or processes directly using hexadecimal codes. 4. Use the phone number 412-322-5225. Use the Windows Programmer Calculator or any other decimal-to- binary convertor to convert this telephone number to binary. List the original telephone number and the binary conversion. Answer è 412-322-5224 1111 0101 1100 0011 0110 1100 1000 1000 5. Use the Windows Programmer Calculator or any other binary-to-hex convertor to convert this previous binary number to hex. List hexadecimal number. Answer è 0xF5C36C88 6. You see the following value 0xF96C. What does the prefix 0x indicate? Answer è This prefix says that the number is being written in hex. P a g e 16 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

7. Hexadecimal values include 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Why does Hexadecimal use the values of A, B, C, D, E, and F? Answer è Since hexadecimal is a 16 base numeral system it uses these letters to take the code up to15. 8. How many binary digits does a single Hexadecimal value represent? Answer è 4 binary digits 9. What decimal value does Hexadecimal value of A represent? Answer è 10 10. What binary digits does Hexadecimal value of A represent? Answer è 1010 Text Link - ASCII or EBCDIC Translation Tables http://www.simotime.com/asc2ebc1.htm Don't get hexadecimal values of A, B, C, D, E, and F confused with characters "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", and "F". They represent two different things. Hexadecimal is a base 16 number system that is used to simplify the understanding of long binary numbers. Binary digits are used to store integers, floating point, and characters. For example, 0xF, or hexadecimal value F represents the four binary digits, i.e., 1111, not the character "F" To represent the character "F" in hexadecimal requires two hexadecimal values, or 0x46, since ASCII is stored in eight binary digits i.e., 0100 0110. 11. How many does hexadecimal values are used to represent the ASCII character capital letter "P" represent? Answer è Two values in the conversion to hexadecimal is 50. 12. List the hexadecimal values that are used to represent the ASCII character capital letter "P" represent? Answer è 50 13. List the hexadecimal values that are used to represent the EBCDIC character capital letter "P" represent? Answer è D7 14. Convert the following decimal number 16480 to hexadecimal. Answer è 4060 P a g e 17 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

21. On line 1 numbers are visible (displayed) between columns 1 and 8. Explain the process how hexadecimal values may be used to prove that the numbers displayed between columns 1 and 8 represent EBCDIC characters and not integer or floating-point data and cannot be used for math operations. (See 1.5.6) Answer è The character that is displayed first is stored as F1 and the second character that is displayed is stored as F7. Text link- Why are memory addresses are represented using hexadecimal numbers? https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5329916/why-are-memory-addresses-are-represented-using-hexadecimal- numbers Text Link- Colors on web pages http://www.linfo.org/hexadecimal.html Text link - CDMA Hardware Identifiers - ESN, MEID, pESN https://sites.google.com/site/bbayles/index/cdma_hardware_id Text Link- Working with Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers https://www.lifewire.com/working-with-binary-and-hexadecimal-numbers-816247 Video - Hexadecimal Math – CompTIA Network+ N10-006 – 5.2 https://www.professormesser.com/network-plus/n10-006/hexadecimal-math/ 22. List several examples how hexadecimal values may be used to simplify binary codes in operating system, hardware devices, and networking. (See 1.5.7 for answer.) Answer è Hex: binary: F42000 1111 0100 0010 0000 0000 0000 F540 1111 0101 0100 0000 The hexadecimal values are much more compact when compared to binary values that represent the same data. P a g e 19 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022

5.0 Program Languages, Variables and Data Types 5.1 Questions - Computer Variables and Data Types Review Data Representation Codes and Data Types Document Representation 1. All program languages support the storage concept of a variable name to store data to be processed. Provide a practical description of the role of computer variable name. (See 2.2.1 for answer.) Answer è The variable name typically describes the data that it represents and stores. There are variable names that are not allowed to be used such as “print” which is a reserve word that is the display operation of the python programming language. 2. Most program languages use the assignment statement or HOURS= 40. In simply terms what function of the equal sign in an assignment statement (See 2.2.3 for answer.) Answer è It tells the programming language to store that value under the assigned representation/variable name. 3. Program languages assign a data type to a variable name. Why are data types assigned to program variable names? Answer è Data types are assigned to represent the type of data that is stored and define the limits of the operations that can be performed with that data. Ex. Word values or strings cannot be divided or multiplied the same way integers or float values can be. 4. Compare the differences between the Context method and the Declaration Method. Answer è Context method is when a program automatically assigns a data type based on the contents to the right of the equal sign. The Declaration method is used to create variables and assign data types to the contents immediately. 6. Compare the differences between the Option Explicit and Strongly -type variables. Answer è Option Explicit states that a carriable must be assigned before use and it also strongly enforces the data type rules for content. When illegal character data is converted to a numeric binary code the contents are changed to zero. In Option Strongly the options cannot be turned off like they can be in option explicit. P a g e 20 | 54 ASSIGNMENT 1 PART 2 – THEORY SPRING 2022