UNIT III Collett FIR 5301

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FIR 5301 Unit III Course Project Corey Collett Columbia Southern University FIR 5301 - Fire Protection Technology Professor Dr. Heim February 13, 2024

SECTION I Section I addresses the key requirements for emergency plans, procedures, and practices and recommends solutions for the Unit III scenario after the warehouse is rebuilt. An emergency action plan is a set of instructions, methods, and procedures designed to mitigate risks to reduce harm to human life and injuries resulting from unplanned life-threatening situations. (OSHA, 2001) Life-threatening situations can also result from poor responses to incidents such as fires, inclement weather, chemical releases, medical emergencies, violence, and natural disasters. (Caccavale, pg. 3) People are at risk not only due to the nature of the emergency but inherently at risk due to human reaction to the event. Procedures and work practices are an integral part of emergency action plans. Procedures indicate workplaces, public venues, and even residential facilities have developed scenario- based plans to mitigate hazards related to emergencies and have communicated the procedures to stakeholders. Procedures are most effective when they are routinely practiced in the form of drills, and training, and should implement and utilize change management practices. (Caccavale, pg. 7) The Unit III case study scenario illustrates the need for robust planning and a revision of procedures post-rebuild. The new plan and procedures should demonstrate a well-rounded emergency preparedness that clearly defines responsibilities and activities for alarms, evacuation plans, communication practices, and maintenance of systems and processes. In addition, the warehouse would benefit greatly from general risk reduction controls such as inventory management. Good auditing and housekeeping practices that manage ordinary combustibles would provide for adequate head space in the storage racks so sprinkler heads can work effectively. (Caccavale, pg. 6)

SECTION II Section II provides a summary analysis of the fire detection, alarm, and suppression system for the Washington warehouse case study scenario. The fire protection system for the warehouse in the case study had several critical control points that failed to adequately notify occupants correctly and extinguish the fire. Several issues are noted with the detection and alarm integration, likely due to the differences between the previous occupant's facility use, various procedures, and training that differed from the current occupants. (Heim, Study Guide pg. 2) The first notable challenge was a notification system that integrated multi-criteria devices. The warehouse employed a pre-signal device with integral delays which requires trained and full- time monitoring for office staff to manually activate an evacuation alarm. In the case of this scenario, the supervisory notification was dismissed from the annunciator panel as a false alarm. Supervisor alarms are designed to be cleared only when it is confirmed that a danger does not exist. ( IFSTA, pg.32) The sprinkler system and manual pull stations were wired to a newer Fire Alarm Control Unit (FACU), which notified a monitoring company that in turn notified the City of Washington Fire Department. (Heim, Guide pg. 2) The alarm notification systems were wired to a pre-signal system, allowing the initial notification to be cleared from the annunciator panel. The audible alarms inside the warehouse did not activate, thus allowing people to stay in the facility as the fire spread and potentially entrap the occupants. The firefighters responding to the event were exposed to additional risks due to entrapped water in the loading dock areas including floating and falling burning debris. (Heim, Course Project) While no direct environmental concerns are apparent from the discharge, building drains should be addressed when the rebuilding of the warehouse is planned.

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SECTION III This section discusses the four stages of a fire: ignition, growth, fully developed, and decay. The fire tetrahedron is the signature model of fire development. The combination and timing of the individual components – oxygen, heat (ignition source), and fuel, create the ignition phase of fire. (Madrzykowski, 2016) The growth stage consumes additional fuel sources as the fire spreads out of its incipient stage. The fuel sources continue to oxidize until we reach the fully developed stage, which is when the fire has fully consumed the fuel source. A fully developed fire is at maximum temperature. The decay phase begins when the fire consumes all available fuel, and the fire begins to die out, decreasing temperatures as decay continues. When all the fuel is consumed, visible fire ceases. (Madrzykowski, 2016) It is important to understand the fire tetrahedron is universally used to both eliminate and prevent fire. The removal of any one of the three components (ignition, fuel, oxygen) eliminates a fire or the development of fire. This basic and simple concept has critical application to even the most complex Building design engineers are required to understand the occupancy types and uses of buildings (storage, proximity to hazards) so they can properly select fire detection, notification, and appropriate extinguishing practices. The NFPA, Underwriters Laboratories, and local building regulations are most commonly used to provide standards. In some cases, municipalities use property zoning ordinances to separate higher-density residential areas from industrial and manufacturing areas to reduce exposure to hazards in the case of fires, spills, or natural disasters.

SECTION IV The process of rebuilding the warehouse requires that we use a holistic approach to analyze functional, design, and process failure modes. The first area to analyze is the failure of the fire alarm control unit (FACU) to communicate the formation of products of combustion but did communicate a water flow indicator and a pull station activation. The goal of a FACU is to monitor components such as alarm-initiating devices, power sources, and communications, and then transmit those messages to the supervisory panel or directly to a monitoring service. The FACU can help manage alarms, critical fire-related processes (such as air handling units, etc), and emergency messages. (IFSTA, pg. 28) In this case, we can say the goal of the FACU to provide control of all devices was not met due to the failure to wire in multicriteria or cross-zoned detection devices to the FACU. To resolve this issue, we must provide a solution that when or if criteria devices are newly installed or updated, the FACU can communicate with the device and eliminate the integral delay due to the staff not manning a control center. It is recommended to develop and utilize a compliant alarm management philosophy based on NFPA 72. It is recommended that all detection, notification, pull stations and other programable devices be wired to a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and connected to the FACU. PLC-connected FACUs are reliable and are designed for industrial environments. (Tejano, 2019) Flexibility and versatility are other hallmarks of PLC-connected systems. PLCs are programmable and reduce retrofitting. Adding cross-zoned detection devices would ensure the FACU delivers robust performance. (Siemens, pg. 17) FACUs are a valuable tool for activating alarms at the time of an evacuation and selecting the correct audible notification appliances is an important part of ensuring the right combination of audible notifications is employed. Audible alarms are usually automated bells, horns, and

sometimes speakers to broadcast evacuation instructions. (IFSTA, pg. 30) The warehouse should determine which broadcasts are most effective, taking into account the sensory needs of people including visual, tactile, textual, and audible alerts. As part of the recommendation for rebuilding, a properly PLC-connected FACU panel will provide the correct alarm notifications and alarm escalation practices. FACU specialty signals depend on the escalating type of alarm. The three primary signals, starting with the most serious – is the alarm signal. This alarm type requires an immediate response due to the duty to confirm an emergency. The FACU also operates with two other types of panel alarms. A supervisory alarm alerts to an off condition with an accessory to the fire system. These alarms can be resolved after reviewing the condition. A trouble signal indicates a problem with a component or circuit. Each type of alarm must have its separate alarm notification. (IFTSA, pg. 32)

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REFERENCES Caccavale S. How to Create Your Facility’s Written Program. Safety Management . 2002;(472):1. Accessed February 10, 2024. https://search-ebsco-hostcom.libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/ IFSTA (2016). Fire Protection, Detection, and Suppression Systems (5th ed.). Fire Protection Publications. https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780879396015 Heim, J. Unit III Study Guide . FIR 5301-21.01.01-4B24-S2, Fire Protection Technology Columbia Southern University, 2024 https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/ultra/courses/_149666_1/outline/edit/document/_9135100_ 1?courseId=_149666_1&view=content Occupational Health and Safety Administration (2001). How to Plan for Workplace Emergencies and Evacuations (OSHA Publication No. 3088) https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha3088.pdf Heim, J. Unit III Course Project Document . FIR 5301-21.01.01-4B24-S2, Fire Protection Technology. Columbia Southern University, 2024 https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/ultra/courses/_149666_1/outline/assessment/_9135101_1/ overview/attempt/_33591744_1?courseId=_149666_1 Seimens Building Technologies. Fire Alarm System Basics Accessed February 13, 2024 https://asmintegrators.com/docs/Fire%20Alarm%20System%20Basics%20Document%20Illustr ated1.pdf Tejano, L. 2019. Programmable Logic Control (PLC)-Based Fire Alarm Systems International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering , 7(6) March 2019 Madrzykowski D. Fire Dynamics: The Science of Fire Fighting. International Fire Service Journal of Leadership & Management . 2016;10:27-35. Accessed February 13, 2024. https://search- ebscohost- com.libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=119098127&si te=ehost-live&scope=site

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