CSC 340 Module 3 Case

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1 Data Link Protocol and Communication Networks Dwayne Barron Trident University International CSC 340 Networking and Data Communications Professor Michael Pry October 22, 2023
2 Data Link Protocol and Communication Networks 1. What are the functions of data link? The data link layer is capable of performing a wide variety of tasks. The first thing it can do is provide clearly defined service interfaces for the attached network levels, whether those layers want connectionless service, connection-oriented service, or both. Second, it sets up the receiver's data link layer with a frame. The layer is accountable for safeguarding the integrity of the information being sent from the physical layer by computing checksums for each frame to ensure that there are no high-level mistakes present (Choudhury, n.d.). Additionally, it offers several tools for finding and fixing mistakes. Parity checks, the simplest form of these approaches, are used to implement a single-bit parity scheme. As previously noted, the checksum is a redundant check employed in searching for and correcting system-level faults. This algorithm calculates binary values in packets and embeds the resulting data within the packets (Choudhury, n.d.). Packet frames at the data connection layer are fortified with Cyclic Redundancy Checks, or CRCs, to detect and correct transmission mistakes. Finally, flow control in the data connection layer regulates the information throughput between the source and the receiver. If the host sending the data and the host receiving it have different transmission rates, some data may be lost before the receiver even receives it (Choudhury, n.d.). The purpose of the flow control feature is to boost productivity by reducing the occurrence of lost data packets. 2. Why and where is flow control needed? Explain its parameters
3 As was previously stated, flow control is the act of regulating the rate at which information is transferred between originators and receivers of that information. When one of the nodes is significantly quicker than the other, packet loss can occur because the sender's data was received before the receiver could process it. Therefore, flow control controls the rate of data transfer between the double nodes to avoid packet loss. 3. Explain stop-and-wait flow control with special reference to the handling of (i) a damaged frame (ii) a lost frame. The “stop-and-wait flow control” is a flow control strategy implemented using framing. The process involves segmenting the communicated data into frames, which are then transmitted to the receiver. Upon receiving the frames, the receiver returns acknowledgments to the sender to indicate successful reception and proper transmission of the data (GeeksforGeeks, 2023). If the frame received by the recipient is unidentifiable, it is considered a damaged frame, prompting the system to issue a request for the frame to be resent. It is called a lost frame if the frame fails to reach its destination. Subsequently, the receiver node initiates a request to have the frame resent. These inquiries are generally referred to as repeat requests (GeeksforGeeks, 2023). 4. Explain HDLC. What are the categories of HDLC stations? HDLC is an abbreviation for “High-Level Data Link Control.” HDLC is a collection of data link layer protocols for communicating with one another. Data link layer frames are the basis for the frames generated by these communication protocols. The data is sent from the network layer in an information frame, which is then carried to higher layers with sequencing and acknowledgment codes. The supervisory frameworks are critical for controlling workflow
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4 and correcting errors. A simple acknowledgment number is included and transmitted alongside the user's data. The unnumbered frames serve a variety of tasks, including those related to control, and are thus necessary for actions like link establishment and disconnection. (Hammad 2023). 5. What is the configuration and modes of HDLC? There exists three standard implementations of High-Level Data Link Control. Primary stations must use the imbalanced arrangement. According to the rules of this arrangement, one station is primary, and the rest are secondary. The major station operates as the data link layer controller for all subordinate stations in this setup. This HDLC setup employs both point-to-point and multipoint networks and duplex and half-duplex modes of transmission (Hammad, 2023) for maximum flexibility. Combining stations often employ a balanced arrangement. It has two stations in one, and they are paired up such that they can do each other's jobs well. These complement one another, drawing attention to and emphasizing one another's efforts and attributes. Half and full-duplex transmission modes are reinforced by a balanced design, although only point-to-point networking is possible. When the first two configurations collide, a symmetrical configuration emerges. The symmetrical structure includes the merging of a primary station and a secondary station. Here, there are two distinct configurations for point-to-point stations, each with the potential to be either unbalanced or balanced (Hammad, 2023). 6. What does "switching" mean? Explain the three possible switching methods.
5 Switching refers to the action of utilizing a switch. When devices require long-distance communication, numerous techniques of interconnectivity are prohibitively costly, excessively inefficient, or just unfeasible. An effective approach to facilitate long-distance communications is utilizing a switch node, which enables the temporary connection of two devices to complete their respective functions (Forouzan, 2007). The initial among the three conventional switching techniques is called circuit switching. This switching mechanism comprises interconnected sets of switches using physical links. A network of interconnected links forms a path connecting two stations, with each link allocated to a single channel for communication. Packet switching is an alternative way of switching. This method involves transmitting data across a packet-switched network, where the data is divided into packs of a size established by the controlling protocol (Forouzan, 2007). This technique does not include allocating resources for packs or reserved bandwidth. Rather, resources are provided on a first-come, first- served basis as needed. Message switching involves each switch storing a full message prior transmitting it to the subsequent available switch. Although not prevalent, it is employed in routine procedures, such as email communication.
6 References Choudhury, C. (n.d.). Unit: Data Link Layer . Department of Computer Science, Bhattadev University. https://bhattadevuniversity.ac.in/docs/studyMaterial/Data%20Link %20Layer.pdf Forouzan, B. A. (2007). Data communications and networking . Huga Media. GeeksforGeeks. (2023, June 8). Stop and Wait ARQ . https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/stop-and- wait-arq/ Hammad, M. (2023, January 16). Types of HDLC frames . GeeksforGeeks. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-hdlc-frames/
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