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Mid-Term Exam Markia Toney SPE 480 11/4/2023

1 Mid-term Exam 1. Select a court case discussed in this course. Describe what happened and how it impacts students with disabilities. One of the cases discussed in this class is Diana v. Board of Education (1970). In this case, the court decided that pupils with impairments and limited English proficiency were entitled to special education services, even if it was difficult to adequately assess their disabilities due to their linguistic limitations. Students with disabilities benefited greatly from this historic case since it made it clear that accessing the right special education services shouldn't be hampered by linguistic obstacles. It emphasized how crucial it is to take into account the particular requirements of various student demographics and make sure that English language learners with impairments receive the assistance they need. This ruling upheld the idea that all students should have equal access to education, regardless of their language or level of handicap. 2. Define the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). Describe how the LRE is similar OR different from inclusion In special education, the term "Least Restrictive Environment" (LRE) refers to the classroom environment in which a student with a disability can, to the greatest extent feasible, get the necessary services and support while enrolled in a general education course. In order to promote social and intellectual development, LRE focuses on creating an inclusive atmosphere where students with disabilities can connect with their peers who do not have disabilities. Within LRE, inclusion is a particular strategy that promotes the complete integration of children with disabilities alongside their classmates who are generally developing in general education classrooms. While inclusion focuses exclusively on integrating children with disabilities in

2 regular classrooms, LRE covers a wider range of choices, including distinct special education programs. 3. IDEA mandates that each child eligible for services has an Individualized Education Program (IEP) or an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP). What is an IEP and how does it differ from an IFSP? The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in the US requires the creation of Individualized Education Programs, or IEPs. It is intended for disabled school-age children. An IEP is a customized learning plan that contains the services the student will get, their specific learning objectives, and any adjustments or accommodations that are required in the classroom. With an emphasis on academics and related services, it offers a framework for addressing the child's learning requirements. On the other side, IDEA also requires the creation of an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP). However, IFSP is a plan that is only meant for young children with developmental delays or impairments, ages one to three. An IFSP is a family-centered plan as opposed to an IEP. Along with early intervention treatments and developmental needs for the child, it also covers family- based supports and other services that might be required to advance the kid's overall development. 4. What is Free Appropriate Public Education and how does it impact students with disabilities? Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) is a legally mandated program in the United States that guarantees free, specialized education for students with disabilities. The program demands

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3 the children with disabilities get high quality special academic services, modifications, and inclusion. FAPE also ensures that students with disabilities have equal chances. 5. Provide the section of IDEA that defines Free Appropriate Public Education. Section 1401(9) 6. Describe what transitions are. What is/are the differences between the IDEA Part C to IDEA Part B transition versus post-secondary transition? In special education, transitions refer to the significant changes in a student's educational path. IDEA Part C to Part B transition is therefore, a change from early intervention programs for infants and toddlers (Part C) to services for school-aged children (Part B). Conversely, post- secondary transition refers to the change from high school to adulthood and emphasizes independence, work, and life skills. The primary distinction is that post-secondary transition involves educating students with disabilities for life beyond school, frequently with an emphasis on independent living and occupational skills, whereas the Part C to Part B transition is moving inside the special education system.in the context of special education. The change from early intervention programs for infants and toddlers (Part C) to services for school-aged children (Part B) is known as the IDEA Part C to Part B transition. Conversely, post-secondary transition refers to the change from high school to adulthood and emphasizes independence, work, and life skills. The primary distinction is that post-secondary transition involves educating students with disabilities for life beyond school, frequently with an emphasis on independent living and occupational skills, whereas the Part C to Part B transition is moving inside the special education system.

4 7. How can teachers ensure that the assessment and evaluation of students with disabilities is not biased? By employing a variety of assessment techniques, offering suitable accommodations, selecting appropriate standardized tests, being culturally sensitive, pursuing ongoing professional development, working with experts, and emphasizing individual development over rigid comparisons. 8. Compare and contrast the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal conditions and the possibility that an individual may end up developing an intellectual disability. Prenatal conditions are issues that arise prior to birth and are related to both genetic and maternal factors. They may lead to brain malfunctions that affects intellectual capacity of a child. On the other hand, perinatal disorders refer to complications such as oxygen deprivation during birth can lead to cerebral damage and intellectual deficiencies. Finally, postnatal conditions happen after birth and involve factors like head injuries, infections, and lead exposure that can also result in intellectual disabilities. 9. What is a functional behavior assessment? How can it be used to address challenging behaviors? Functional Behavior Assessment is a procedure used to identify the root causes of problematic behaviors in people with impairments. It indicates the reason for the activity, such as attention- seeking or communication. Interventions can be customized to meet each person's unique needs once the function has been established. In order to develop a behavior support plan, behavior baseline evaluations and observations are used to gather data. This approach provides tactics for altering the surroundings, imparting substitute habits, and offering suitable assistance. By

5 addressing the underlying causes of problematic behaviors and creating tailored, efficient interventions that encourage positive behavior change, an FBA can assist in managing challenging behaviors in this way. 11. Select an instructional strategy described in this course that can be used with students with Learning Disabilities. Explain what the instructional strategy is and how it would be used to teach academic content Using assistive technology in the classroom is a successful teaching approach for students with learning disabilities. The strategy involves the use of software and hardware that aid in students' information access and processing. Markedly, students can benefit from text-to-speech software, which can read texts aloud to them and aid in their comprehension of written content. This technology is especially useful for teaching academic topics since it improves students' reading and comprehension abilities, which facilitates their understanding and engagement with the subject matter. It also enables students to work at their own pace, which strengthens their comprehension of the material. In addition to meeting the special requirements of kids with learning disabilities, this approach gives them the tools they need to become more involved in the classroom and raises their academic standing.

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