Sound
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Chemistry
Date
Jan 9, 2024
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Title:
Sound
Group 33:
Van Tran, Elyse Gallagher, Shrenik Patel, Ruchi Patel
Experiment Date:
November 14th, 2023
Goals:
The purpose of this lab is to create and identify beats using available sound sources, and understand the concepts of wave superposition and interference. We will also calculate/determine
the speed of sound using an echo.
Procedure:
Part I:
●
Plug loudspeakers into the signal generator outputs on the pasco interface
●
Turn on the sound sources, and set them to about the same volume; set their frequency to be within 1 to 10 Hz of each other.
●
Try different values of frequency until you have clearly audible beats and record the values
●
Visualize the sounds you’re hearing by setting up two waveforms using the tool provided
●
Set f1 to 480 and f2 to 500 Hz and putting the zoom slider all the way to the left
●
Take a screenshot of of the waves you created
Part II:
●
Use the equipment provided to find the speed of sound in by using the pulse echo technique
○
Use a clicker to make a sharp loud sound and send the sound down a long tube where it will echo from the end. Place the microphone at the open end of the tube and make sure the other end is closed.
○
Set up the microphone as a voltage sensor in Capstone
○
Record, make a click, then stop recording
○
Verify that the pulses are not clipping
○
Obtain time difference between the initial pulse and the final pulse
○
Increase the decimal places to see the change in time
○
Use the time value to calculate the speed of sound in air
Precautions and Sources of Error
: ●
When using the clicker, making sure there are no other outside environment factors affecting the microphone
●
Making sure the software is set up correctly and working Data:
Theoretical beat frequency f
beat = f
1
-f
2
F
1
= 90 Hz F
2
= 95 Hz
F
beat
= 90Hz - 85Hz
F
beat
= 5 Hz
Wave Interference Beat Frequency Graph from provided website in lab manual
Experimental (numbers given from TA)
—-----Destructive Interference
—-----------
Peak Amplitude
0.0046 sec (T)
V = 340 m/s
L = 0.79 m
V
sound
= 2L/Δt
V
sound
= 2 (0.79 s) / (0.0046 sec)
V
sound
= 343 m/s
Actual
V
sound
= 340 m/s
Percent Error
| (actual - experimental) / (experimental) | * 100
| (340 - 343 | / (343) * 100 = 0.87%
Questions
Question 1:
How could you prove to a skeptic that the beats are an interference effect that
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requires both sound sources? Test out your method to convince yourself that the beat requires both sound sources and it is not a trick caused by one source alone?
To prove a skeptic first play a pre-recorded sound it will not have beats. Now take two sound sources which have different frequencies. When both the source is switched on we hear the sound which increases and decreases at equal intervals of time. This is what we call the beats. Our theoretical beat frequency is 5 Hz (See data for calculation).
Question 2:
How many times per second should you hear a beat? Does the beat frequency you hear seem to agree with this calculated value 5 beats per second. Yes our theoretical beat frequency is 5 Hz (See data for calculation). Question 3:
In the experiment diagrammed above, how far does the pulse travel between the time it leaves the fingers and returns to the microphone? Answer in terms of the distance L.
It travels 0.70 m
Question 4:
How close is your value to the accepted value for the speed of sound in air? Refer to the percent
Difference
Our value we found for the speed of sound of air was very close to the theoretical. We calculated 343 m/s while the theoretical is 340 m/s. Our percent error is 0.87%.
Question 5:
Why do we need to use a quick sound like a finger snap for this experiment? For example, bats make a very short duration clicking sound for their ultrasonic sensing. Why does this work better than perhaps a slower sound like a squeak? To answer, refer to the duration of the pulse peak and echo peak shown in your graph.
For the sound experiment it is crucial to use a quick sound because the shorter the duration would allow for there to be more accurate measurements. Bats use short duration
so that they can receive the echos quickly, this allows them to know how much space is in
between them and objects. Question 6.
How would your calculation and for this experiment change if the pulse and echo traveled through human tissue instead of air? To answer this, assume the distance stays the same and look up how the speed of sound in tissue such as bone or muscle compares to that in air. The speed of sound in human tissue is 1540 m/s and the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. Our pulse and echo would have been much greater if calculated in human tissue at the same distance
Discussion:
Through this lab we were able to get a better understanding of the concepts of wave superposition and interference. We were also able to calculate/determine the speed of sound using an echo. In part A we observed beats and that they are created due to the difference in frequencies from both the speakers. We used 90 Hz and 85 Hz in our experiment. We found our beat frequency to be 5 Hz. In the second part of our experiment we used a clicker, microphone, and speed of sound tube to determine the speed of sound. Our technology was not up to date so our results were not as accurate as they should have been. Our TA gave us the numbers we should have been getting in the lab. From those numbers we were able to determine the speed of sound (see data section above for calculations). We calculated the speed of sound to be 343 m/s from the values given. Our percent error was 0.87%. Our sources of error include ensuring the software set up is working properly.
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