3.9 Separation of Solutins and Mixtures Chromatography Notes Key
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Springfield College *
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Course
121
Subject
Chemistry
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
Pages
10
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o
Topic
3.9
-
Separation
of
Solutions
and
Mixtures
Chromatography
(14.2-14.4)
Learning
Objective:
SPQ-3.C
Explain
the
relationship
between
the
solubility
of
ionic
and
molecular
compounds
in
aqueous
and
nonaqueous
solvents,
and
the
intermolecular
interactions
between
particles.
Chromatography
provides
a
method
of
separating
a
mixture
of
solutions
based
upon
polarity
differences.
The
polarity
differences
are
sometimes
considered
solubility
as
well.
There
are
three types
of
chromatography.
1)
Paper
chromatography
2)
Thin
layer
chromatography
3)
Column
Chromatography
Paper
Chromatography
(MOST
COMMON
IN
AP
CHEMISTRY)
Methodology
for
paper
chromatography:
1)
Alineis
drawn
(typically
in
pencil)
near
the
end
of
the
strip
of
paper.
2)
A
drop
of
the
sample
to
be
separated
is
placed
on
that
line.
3)
The
paper
is
placed
in
an
{ideally)
sealed
container
with
a
shallow
layer
of
solvent
where
the
bottom
of
the
paper
is
touching
the
solvent,
but the
line
is
not.
)
WaloF
memms
;
4}
Time
passes
and
the
solvent
and
dyes
will
separate.
i
Water
5)
Remove
the
paper
before
the
solvent
reaches
the
Hlart
top
of
the
paper.
6}
Measure
the
height
of
the
leading
edge
of
the
solvent
and
measure
the
leading
edge
of
each
dye.
PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
ANALYSIS
e
The
same
compound
will
move
at
the
same
rate
relative
to
the
same
solvent
on
different
trials.
e
Different
compounds
will
have
an
at
least
slightly
different
polarity
to
other
compounds
so
the
Rf
factor
will
differ
between
compounds.
The
mare
similar
in
polarity
the
sample
is
to
the
solvent
the
farther
it
will
travel.
Polar
water
will
have
polar
samples
travel
far,
and
nonpolar
samples
travel
a
short
distance.
Nonpolar
benzene
will
have
polar
samples
travel
a
short
distance,
and
nonpolar
samples
travel
far.
Identification
of
a
sample
is
possible
by
comparing
Rf
values-
NOT
COMPARING
DISTANCES.
The
stationary
phase
is
the
paper
and
the
mobile
phase
is
the
solvent.
>
st
In
the
image,
the
mixture
does
NOT
contain
Dye
2
as
there
is
not
a
yellow
dot
in
the
mixture
column.
It
does
contain
BOTH
Dye
1
and Dye
3.
It
is
not
uncommon
for
dyes
to
have
multiple
parts
which
would
look
>,
unsaaienn
|ike
multiple
dots
at
different
distances
from
the
baseline.
>
Pasaliew
ows
e
1)
2)
3)
4)
Column
chromatography
Column
chromatography
also
separates
a
mixture
in
solution.
F
Methodology
for
column
chromatography
Thin
Layer
Chromatography
Thin
layer
chromatography
is
extremely
similar
to
paper
chromatography
except
the
separation
occurs
on
a
thin
layer
on
a
sheet
of
plastic.
The
layer
is
typically
silica
or
alumina
which
are
extremely
polar.
Though
this
is
not
always
true.
Thin
layer
chromatography
can
be
used
to
separate
some
samples
that
are
not
colored
to
the
naked
eye.
UV
light
is
used
with
a
solvent
that
will
fluoresce
under
UV
light to
see
the
substances.
The
dark
spots
are
where
the
components
of
the
mixture
are.
This
method
is
frequently
used
with
amino
acids,
so
expect
this
topic
when
the
question
also
references
biological
systems.
¥
®
®
.
#
L4
L]
WMo
348
M2
5
4§
Lafore
symying
with
ninhydin
after
spraying
with
ninfiyciin
Thin
Layer
Chromatography
Analysis
The
same
compound
will
move
at
the
same
rate
relative
to
the
solvent
on
different
trials.
Different
compounds
will
have
an
at
least
slightly
different
polarity
to
other
compounds
so
the
Rf
factor
will
differ
between
compounds.
Typically,
the
more
nonpolar
the
sample
is,
the
farther
it
will
travel.
Typically,
the
more
polar
the
sample
is,
the
shorter
it
will
travel.
The
leading
edge
must
still
be
identified
and
not
allowed
to
reach
the
top.
Identification
of
a
sample
is
possible
by
comparing
Rf
values-
NOT
COMPARING
DISTANCES.
K
acdi
v
A
W
S
Steel
wool
is
placed
at
the
bottom
of
a
burette
to
prevent
the
gel
from
escaping.
A
burette
is
filled
with very
polar
silica
or
alumina
gel.
(usually)
The
mixture
that
is
to
be
separated
is
placed
at
the top
of
the
burette
and
is
flushed
time and
again
with
nonpolar
solvent
(usually).
{(pour
solvent,
wait
and
watch,
repeat)
The
mixture
separates
and
each
phase
is
collected
in
a
beaker
or
flask
one
at
a
time.
lfi
-4t
-
-4
4
Changia
fis
bealer
oncs
thy
yeliaw
starts
in
drap
brough.
St
Elient
Column
Chromatography
Analysis
e
Usually,
the
most
polar
parts
of
the
mixture
will
travel
the
slowest
and
the
least
polar
will
travel
the
fastest.
®
Once
you
have
separated
one
part,
you
may
use
a
new
solvent
to
speed
up
the
movement
of
the
remaining
part(s).
e
This
is
meant
for
separation
more
than
analysis.
}m
Stationary
phase
Once
separated,
you
could
use
a
different
method
of
chromatography
to
identify
the
component.
e
EliJ0tQ
Distillation
Distillation
is
another
method
of
physically
separating
mixtures.
Distillation
separates
substances
based
on
differences
in
boiling
point
and
intermolecular
forces.
Shown
is
a
simple
distillation
apparatus.
The
starting
liquid
{15}
in
the
boiling
flask
{2}
is
heated
by
a
combined
hotplate
and
magnetic
stirrer
{13}
via
a
silicone
oil
bath
(orange,
14).
The
vapor
flows
through
a
short
Vigreux
column
(3},
then
through
a
Liebig
condenser
(5),
is
cooled
by
water
(blue) that
circulates
through
ports
(6
and
7}.
The
condensed
liquid
drips
into
the
receiving
flask
{8),
sitting
in
a
cooling
bath
(blue,
16}.
The
adapter
(10}
has
a
connection
(9)
that
may
be
fitted
to
a
vacuum
pump.
The
components
are
connected
by
ground
glass
joints
{gray).
Applications
of
distillation
include:
e
Distillation
of
fermented
beverages
®
Desalination
of
salt
water
®
Separation
of
crude
oil
into
fuels
and
other
petroleum
products
{this
often
occur
through
fractional
distillation}
Typically,
if
the
bolling
points
are
close
together,
fractional
distillation
is
a
better
technique
to
separate
substances.
Fractional
distillation
allows
the
vapor
to
condense
and
revaporize
several
times,
leading
to
a
better
purification.
With
all
types
of
chromatography,
you
will
need
to
recognize
which
part
of
the
system
will
interact
with
the
materials
being
tested.
Consider
the
intermolecular
forces
for
all
components.
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Practice
1)
Which
of
the
following
is
a
most
appropriate
reason
to
perform
column
chromatography
over
paper
chromatography?
a}
The
sample
is
a
mixture
of
strictly
polar
particles
b)
The
sample
is
a
mixture
of
strictly
nonpolar
particles
The
goal
is
to
separate
and
recover
the
parts
of
the
mixture
d)
The
densities
of
the
component
parts
of
the
mixture
differ
2)
Explain
how
two
students
could
perform
chromatography
on
the
same
mixture,
the
colored
samples
all
move
different
distances,
yet
they
can
correctly
identify
the
component
parts.
G
Should
e
‘Hhe
same
becaute
Uk
1S
oo
vadio
OF
(he
chstarce
Hoveled
ex.
Lem
«d.
00
et
—
0.5
Seoermnm
|
H.00cm
3)
A
student
was
performing
paper
chromatography
and
let
the
separation
continue
overnight.
The
student
wished
to
determine
if
the
mixture
contained
a
substance
with
an
Rf
factor
of
0.343
where:
Rf
=
(distance
travelled
by
the
component)/(distance
traveled
by
the
solvent}
a)
What
data
would
be
affected
by
this
error?
Soluten
would
run
ofF
“he
paper
b)
Explain
the
effect
on
the
calculated
Rf.
Wradte
reading
-
e
would
s
nereake-
ot
gt
AcC
“{&
(fl'
]0054’1
woulad
Hranel
FHhe
lmgw
oF
Hu
paper
Final
Pasition
of
Dye
/
Solvent
on
the
left,
and
an
incomplete
image
of
the
same
mixture’s
separation
on
/
the
right.
The
data
on
the
left
has
a
leading
edge
of
solvent
of
20.0
cm
and
//
4)
The
image
shows
the
complete
chromatography
separation
of
a
mixture
/
/
the
distance
traveled
by
the
dye
was
8.0
cm.
The
data
on
the
right
shows
the
leading
edge
of
salvent
as
6.0
cm.
What
distance
would
you
predict
the
1
\
]
same
dye
to
travel on
the
chromatography
paper
on
the
right?
4.8cm
5
6o
foem
_
7
o
c)
80cm
"
N
d)
Cannot
be
determined
I()
dem
(f
oem
]
T
A
e,
Griginal
Posttion
of
Dye
hromatography
paper
5)
Calculate
the
Rf
for
the
following
where
the
lines
on
the
chromatography
paper
represent
the
starting
point
of
the
i
dye
and
the
final
distance
traveled
by
the
solvent.
a)
CH,CH,CH,COOH
Cole
¢}
CH;OH
d)
CBH18
7}
In
paper
chromatography,
what
physical
property
is
most
important
to
the
separation?
a)
Density
Pofarity
.
c)
Size
of
particle
2.
9%m
_
EZC""
'OIS“ZD
28w
d}
Molar
mass
of
particle
8}
A
distillation
of
several
compounds
was
performed.
Based
on
the
physical
property
provided,
place
the
substances
in
order
of
extraction.
_
-
Ol&sm
2
3em
6)
Which
of
the
following
would
travel
the
farthest
in
column
chromatography?
least
polafl
i
Name
Formula
Boiling
Point
Acetone
CH3COCHz
|
56°C
2.
Diethyl
Ether
|
C2Hs0C:Hs
|
34.6°C
(B
Ethanol
Ca2lHs0H
784°C
&
/-
Di{%’t%i
¢sbher
7
-
Alltone
7
-
Edhano
|
Distillation
EdPuzzle
Directions
Click
on
the
page
in
Schoology
titled
“Distillation
EdPuzzle.”
Answer
the
questions
below.
You
do
not
have
to
answer
them
online.
1.
____
Whywould
he
run
cold
water
along
the
top?
a)
to
help
it
condense
back
to
a
liquid
b)
because
he
cheated
¢)
tomakeitclean
2.
“There
is
a
flame
there
but
it
is
hard
to
see.”
THIS
IS
NOT
A
QUESTION!
3.
Why
do
you
have
to
boil
the
colored
water
solution?
4.
___
Asthe
water
boils,
it
begins
to
__,
causing
it
to
change
from
a
liquid,
toa
_.
a)
freeze,
gas
b}
evaporate,
gas
¢)
condense,
solid
d}
evaporate,
liquid
5.
What
do
you
think
would
happen
if
a
water
solution
and
the
food
coloring
had
similar
bolling
points?
6.
Why
can
this
be
difficult
to
do
on
a
large
scale?
a)
wateris
not
easy
to
distill
b)
itisn't
difficult,
it
would
work
¢)
it
takes
a
lot
of
energy
7.
Summarize
the
process
of
distillation
in
1-2
complete
sentences.
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AP
Chemistry
Daily
Videos
3.9
Separation
of
Solutions
and
Mixtures
Chromatography
Daily
Video
#1
|
1.
Describe
how
chromatography
is
able
to
separate
solutions
based
on
Chromatography
IMFs
2.
Pause
the
video
at
2:22
and
attempt
the
problem,
then
evaluate
how
you
did
and
identify
any
errors
In
&
paper
chromatagraphy
experiment,
&
sample
of
8
pigroent
s
separaled
Into
two
components,
X
and
Y,
ag
shown
i
1he
figure
bolow.
The
surface
of
the
paper
Is
moderataly
potar.
What
can
be
canciuded
about
X
and
Y
based
on
the
experimental
resulis?
Filter
Paper
&
‘
Componenl
X
[
Component
Y
Pigment
.
Sample
e
Flexnne
e
=D
Cthad
a0
in
@
N
a8
hergpet
molar
puss
Han
¥
foss.
@
X
b5
norg
pala
Gas
¥
¥
fis
o
tavger
sedin
mass
than
X
does
(I)
)
¥
i3
mons
petar
Bt
X,
3.
Pause
the
video
at
4:18
and
attempt
the
problem,
then
evaluate
how
you
did
and
identify
any
errors
Agladent
obtaing
a
sampla
of
purple
food
dys
whish
Is
known
to
contain
both
red
and
tlue
dyves
dissolvad
in
a
selution
of
Isopropyl
alcohal,
Sketeh
an
appropiiate
lab
selup
to
use
In
order
for
the
student
to
separate
thg
o
dyes.
i
ife
blue
dye
Is
fess
polar
than
the
red
dye,
which would
we
axpact
to
frave!
the
farthest on
the
nonpolar
stationary
phase?
Daily
Video
#2
1.
Describe
how
distillation
is
able
to
separate
solutions
based
on
IMFs
2.
Pause
the
video
at
2:01
and
attempt
the
problem,
then
evaluate
how
you
did
and
identify
any
errors
#
Y
H
M
u
o
HoH
H
H
o1
P
g
]
flow
Qom
Com
oGt
R
St
Sl
St
Distillation
1t
0
n
H
H
B
H
H
Byl
Acerate
Btyl
Acetate
Arnixiura
comalning
squat
nmbers
of
moles
of
ethyl
acotuls
and
bulyl
ncotala
was
soparatad
using
distiflation.
Based
on
the
diagranss
shovn
above,
which
of
the
following
identiflas
the
sulistarce
that
would
b
Inltiafly
prewent
in
higher
concantration
in
the
distiffate
and
cormactly
oxplaing
why
thal
oecurs?
3.
Pause
the
video
at
2:53
and
attempt
the
problem,
then
evaluate
how
you
did
and
identify
any
errors
Amilxture
contalning
equal
aurabers
of
moles
of
ettiy!
aselato
and
bulyl
nootate
was
separated
using
distiltation.
Based
on
the
diagrams
shown
above,
which
of
the
followlng
identifios
the
substance
that
would
e
Inftially
present
in
higher
concentradion
in
the
distiitate
and
correctly
explafns
why
that
oceurs?
@
Febyh
seastare,
bucauss
#
has
fowssr
§-C
bands
to
Broak
@
Eihiyh
noadate,
Dasause
it
has
o
shnster
corton
chab
s
wraker
Lando
disfmeston
forcas
@
Syt
ocstal,
baresuss
1
has
mero
GC
bonds
to
trask
@
Bulyl
acetate,
becarust
it
bis
&
Jongey
earhonehisin
st
wisher
digpie-digels
attactions
4,
Pause
the
video
at
3:37
and
attempt
the
problem,
then
evaluate
how
you
did
and
identify
any
errors
Compound
Formula
Bolling
Point*C.
Dansity
g/mi.
butanel
CH,0H
177
10,8098
Epnnlanol
:
CeHy
OH
1318
0.8247
A
student
obiservas
thal
a
mixiure
of
butans! and
pentans!
arg
miscible,
Using
information
It
the
tablo
above,
what
technique
could
the
student
uge
to
separate
the
two
components
of
the
mixtura?
Justify
your
answer.
227
3)
140
120
A
8100
Mou»/
[
2
p
£
80
&
o
5
=
401
20
A
B
c
D
O
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Volume
(mL)
A
student
performed
a
fractional
distillation
of
a
mixture
of
two
straight-chain
hydrocarbons,
C;H,;
and
CgH,g.
Using
four
clean, dry
flasks,
the
student
collected
the
distillate
over
the
volume
ranges
{A,
B,
C,
and
D)
shown
in
the
graph
above.
Over
what
volume
range
should
the
student
collect
the
distillate
of
the
compound
with
the
stronger
intermolecular
forces?
F
=
A
L0
o
palng
pord
=
SO
I
c)
C
)
@D
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AP
Practice
Problems
Solvent
Front
‘‘‘‘‘‘‘
Solvent
Bolling
Point
("
C)
Relative
Polarity
PI‘OdUCtQ:\»‘
Pentane
36
0.1
Hexane
68
0.1
Origin
Ethyl
acetate
77
4.4
Methanol
65
5.1
N
1)
The
diagram above
shows
a
thin-layer
chromatogram
of
a
mixture
of
products
from
a
chemical
reaction.
The
separation
was
performed
using
50%
ethyl
acetate
in
hexane
as
the
solvent
{mobile
phase}
and
silica
gel
as
the
polar
stationary
phase.
On
the
basis
of
the
chromatogram
and
the
information
about
solvents
in
the
table
above,
R
which
of
the
following
would
be
the best
way
to
decreas
the
distance
that the
products
travel
up
the
plate?
—
rdgghjvt‘f
aHf‘mw
OF
e
pvisdad
ks
sowrh
Showldd
e
cl.zfc.vm_fifizé
a)
Use
pentane
instead
of
hexane
in
the
solvent.
—
o
CMJ{»%_
bic
Po\ay
ures
soarne
Decrease
the
percentage
of
ethyl
acetate
in
the
solvent.
¢)
Increase
the
percentage
of
ethyl
acetate
in
the
solvent.
—
|
y\orig
ea¢,
@?QW‘
a0
eyt
Wi
e,
d}
Add
up
to
5%
methanol
to
the
solvent.
)
al
-
)
Addupto
5%
creoie
aFfundy
W\
Mere
petor
hasl
&'h(»j(
oCetad
¢
2)
A
student
obtains
a
liquid
sample
of
green
food
coloring
that
is
known
to
contain
a
mixture
of
two
solid
pigments,
one
blue
and
one
yellow,
dissolved
in
an
agueous
solution
of
ethanol.
Which
of
the
following
laboratory
setups
is
most
appropriate
for
the
student
to
use
in
order
to
separate
and
collect
a
substantial
samptle
of
each
of
the
two
pigments?
Thu
laer
Churopadog
rophit
=
ide
1Pyt
dafi”‘md”
Comou
'
rictusL
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