Chromatography Lab Report

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Marquette University *

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1001

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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4

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CHEM 1001 CHROMATOGRAPHY Laboratory Report NAME : Liam Cedeno Agosto DATE : 3/7/23 SECTION : 403 TA : Audrey Vice A. Goals/Purpose of Experiment ( 2 Points, ~50 words ) : The purpose of this experiment was to understand the relationship between the interactions of intermolecular forces and different components of a mixture as well as stationary phases and how those components can be used to separate homogenous mixtures. Learning how to use different chromatography techniques to separate mixtures for qualitative analysis was also part of the experiment. B. Theory/Introduction ( 6 Points, ~100 words ) : Sometimes, when you were using a black marker and for one reason or another the paper got wet, you could see multiple colors start to travel through the wet part and separate. Something similar can be done to separate the different colors that make up one dye. And the way to separate these colors is chromatography, which is defined as the separation of homogenous mixtures. And hypothetically, because all of these components are different they end up having different levels of intermolecular forces, which also results in different Rf values. For this to work, there is a mobile phase, which would be the dyes, and a stationary phase, which would be the chromatography paper soaked in a liquid substance. C. Procedure summary ( 5 Points, ~100 words ) : This experiment consists of two parts. Part one, consisted of paper chromatography. We were to take a piece of paper, fold it in half and mark six dots along the bottom of the paper, not too low. Five of those dots would be for five M&Ms colors of our choosing and one yellow food coloring dye. Each of the five candies were placed into a glass plate and
two to three drops of water were placed, the water was swirled for about fifteen seconds, or until the dye turned the water its color. A capillary tube was used to take each sample and a dot of each dye was to be placed on each of the marked dots on the paper. The yellow coloring was taken straight from the capillary to the paper. After, the paper was placed into a 400mL beaker containing about 10 mL of 0.3% Sodium Chloride solution. The paper was then left there for at least twenty minutes, or until the solvent reached the top of the paper. D. Results and Calculations: ( 12 Points ) : Part I: Paper Chromatography M easure the ‘distance traveled’ (in cm) by the solvent from the line drawn at the bottom of the paper. Distance travelled by the solvent = 10.2 cm Add or delete rows as needed in the table below Table Title: Food coloring paper chromatography Sample Color Colors separated (Use one row for each color) Distance Traveled by the dye (in cm) R F Green Yes, 2 8cm 1.28 Blue No 1cm 10.2 Yellow No 5 cm 2.04 Red Yes, 2 1cm 10,2 Orange Yes, 2 2.5cm 4.08 yellow food coloring Yes, 3 7cm 1.46 Part 2: Column Chromatography Leaf pigments: Give the color intensity a numerical value (0 = clear, 2 = light, 4 = medium, 6 = dark). Identify how many components were observed in the column chromatography experiment.
Table Title: Column chromatography Tube Number Color Intensity Clarity ( Clear or cloudy ) 1 Dark green 8 Clear 2 Medium green 6 Clear 3 Light green 5 Clear 4 Faint green 4 Clear 5 Faint green 3 Clear 6 Clear with a bit of green 2 Clear 7 Clear 1 Clear 8 Very clear 1 Clear 9 Clear 1 Clear 10 Clear 4 Cloudy 11 Clear 1 Clear 12 (most) clear 1 Clear Demonstrated calculations: Show one calculation used for calculating the Rf value . Solute distance traveled: 5cm solvent distance traveled: 10.2cm 5 cm/10.2cm = 2.04 E. Discussion ( 10 Points ) : 1. Discuss the results for Part I of this experiment. What caused some of the samples to separate into two or more spots. ( 3 points ) Not many of my samples seperated, for the yellow food coloring, I noticed three components, red, orange and yellow. Which means that these three colors were used in different levels to create this pigemeted yellow dye. These colors seeprated due to the different intermolecular forces when in contact with the paper, which caused them to move across the paper at different speeds.
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2. Suppose you found only two differently colored spots separated in a paper or column chromatography. Does it mean that only two components are present (i.e., can there be more than two)? Explain. ( 2 points ) Not necessarily, I think the dyes could possibly have more than just two components, but either due to similar intermolecular forces or not having applied enough dye on the my part could ve affected whether or not more that two colors separated. Which I believe is what happened with multiple dyes on my paper. 3. How is the column chromatography related to paper chromatography? ( 3 points ) They both need a stationary phase, they just different ones. 4. Suppose your mixture has two components (with different chemical structures and polarity) that come out together in a column chromatography, how would you change the experiment to facilitate better separation? ( 2 points ) Choosing a different stationary phase that is more sensitive to the differences in intermolecular forces could allow them to separate more. F. Conclusions ( 5 Points, ~100-150 words ) : This experiment, both the paper chromatography and column chromatography had multiple complications. And although I was able to observe and undertsand the changes as well as collect the appropriate data, it was not as successful as it could ve been. For my paper chromatography my dot samples were way too faint as a result of not using enough dye. Which ultimately made it extremely difficult to determine how many and what colors had seperated for some dyes. And it also might have made my Rf value slightly innacurate in the solute values. For the column chromatography, I believe I ultimately succeeded in the overall purpose of the experiment, but I had to restart from the beginning twice due to the mixture falling out of the tube or air bubbles seperating the mixtures during the draning process. Which delayed my process. But ultimately, I believe I was overall successful in the procedure.