Periodic properties lab report

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Marquette University *

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1001

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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CHEM 1001 PERIODIC PROPERTIES Laboratory Report NAME : Liam Cedeno Agosto DATE : 2/21/23 SECTION : 403 TA : Audrey Vice A. Goals/Purpose of Experiment ( 2 Points, ~50 words ) : The purpose of this lab was to understand the organization of elements based on their electronic configuration, see, and understand periodic trends in chemical properties and identify the signs of chemical reactions. B. Theory/Introduction ( w rite about ‘chemical reactions’ and the concept of ‘periodicity of chemical properties’ based on your understanding of periodic table ; 6 Points, ~100 words ) : C. Procedure summary ( 5 Points, ~200 words ) : This lab involved performing chemical reactions and observing chemical changes and it consisted of six parts. Parts one and two had us watch a demonstration by the TA of different metals like lithium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium and how they reacted in water and a phenolphthalein indicator, we watched and recorded all visible as well as invisible changes. For part three through six we were to perform ourselves. For part three we placed a certain amount of granular aluminum grains into a test tube and poured ¼ of water to observe how they reacted. Then we did the same thing, but with ten drops HCl instead of water. For part four we had a similar process, but with carbon instead. We used two test tubes with powdered carbon, one would have water and the other would have HCl and we were to observe any reactions. Part five tested halogens, and consisted of two parts, the first part had us pour chlorine, bromine and iodide water into three different test tubes, and then we were to add 1mL of hexane to each tube and observe any color changes. The second part was very similar, but we had to mix the contents of KCl, KBr and KI instead of hexane, and again watch for any color changes. D. Results and Calculations: ( 12 Points ) : My results were as accurate as my naked eye could allow, I observed and annotated all physical and chemical changes I saw. I took note

of those elements that reacted more and those that didn ’ t react at all keeping in mind their chemical properties based on their periodic trends. Part 1 : title Reactants Observations Lithium Emitted gas, bubbles, metal dissolved, pink color when indicator was added Sodium Faster reaction, loud fizzing, melted into a sphere, turned pink immediately when indicator was added Part 2 : title Reactants Observations Magnesium Reacts slowly, very slight pink with indicator, reacts with oxygen and heat, lights up and sparks Calcium Sank, slight fizzing, bubbling, faint pink color with indicator, dissolves, heat released Part 3: title Reactants Observations Aluminum with water No reaction, Al grains floated above water Aluminum with HCl Gas + heat released, bubbles, Al grains slowly dissolved, visible fumes, beaker turned hot, color changed Part 4: title Reactants Observations Carbon and water Some of the powder stayed at the top, some sank. No reaction Carbon and HCl The powder slightly sank to the bottom. No reaction Part 5 : title

Reactants Observations Bromine Slightly yellow hexane layer Iodine Light pinkish hexane layer Chlorine No color change, hexane layer stayed clear KCl KBr KI Chlorine water X Light yellow Dark yellow Bromine water Bright yellow X Layered, top layer yellow/green, middle layer black and bottom layer brown Iodine water Yellow Yellow X Part 6 : title Reactants Observations Zinc No reaction, sank Copper No reaction Iron No reaction, sank Zinc + HCl Gas and heat released, fizzing Iron + HCl Slight fizzing, gas released, tube slightly cloudy, turned yellow Cooper + HCl No reaction Zinc + HNO3 Heat and gas released, emitted smell, bubbling, fast reaction Iron + HNO3 Lots of bubbling, brown gas released, emitted smell, turned red Copper + HNO3 Slight bubbling, color changed, light blue E. Discussion ( 10 Points ) : Please write your answers underneath each question.

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1. Write any 4 balanced chemical equations for the reactions observed in this lab ( 4 points ). A balanced chemical reaction is written as follows: CH 4 + 2 O 2 → CO 2 + 2 H 2 O 2Li + 2H2O → 2Li OH + H2 2Na + 2H2O → NaOH + H2 2Al + 2HCl → 2AlCl3 + H2 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2 2. Explain why you see a difference in reactivity of the following pairs based on your observations from this lab. ( 3 points ) a. Lithium and sodium Sodium is in period 3, so it is bigger in size and has more electrons in its valence shell, so it reacted more when in contact with the indicator b. Sodium and magnesium Magnesium is in group 2, whereas sodium is group 1, Mg has less electrons so it was less reactive than Na when in contact with the indicator c. Magnesium and calcium Magnesium is in period 3 and calcium in period 4, so because Ca is larger and has more electrons, it reacted more than Mg. 3. What is the difference between metals and nonmetals? Give example from this lab ( 1 point ). Metals tend to lose electrons and become cations in order to fill their outer shell, they are also more reactive due to the group they are in, so in the lab, when coming in contact with another substance, they had a more visible reaction such as color change, heat being released and fizzing. 4. Write the electronic configuration of any two transition elements used in this lab ( 2 points ). The electronic configuration for Lithium is 1s^2 2s^1. And for Sodium is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1. F. Conclusions ( 5 Points, ~100-150 words ) : I was able to see and understand how periodic trends determined the chemical properties of different elements. Periodic trends also has

an impact in the reactivity of different elements and how they react to chemical changes. Alkali metals are more reactive than halogens, alkali metals and more reactive than alkaline earths metals and so forth.