1202_Mock_Exam_VP

Part 1 - Multiple Choice 1. The two nucleotide base pairs of DNA are: a. AC-TG b. AT-CG c. AG-CU d. AC-GT 2. What is the main function of structural proteins? a. To help hold cells and tissue together. b. To catalyze chemical reactions. c. To aid in intracellular and extracellular cell signaling. 3. A protein is a chain comprised of 20 amino acids. a. True. b. False. 4. Omitting redundant sequences, there are 43 possible codons. a. True. b. False. 5. Choose the correct order of protein synthesis: a. DNA is translated into mRNA → mRNA is then transcribed into a sequence of amino acids (a protein). b. DNA is transcribed into mRNA → mRNA is then translated into a sequence of amino acids (a protein). c. mRNA is transcribed into DNA → DNA is then translated into a sequence of amino acids (a protein). 6. Choose the correct option: a. Histone methylation inhibits gene expression. b. Histone methylation promotes gene expression. c. Histone acetylation promotes gene expression. d. Both A and C are correct. 7. An individual who has difficulty staying focused, following instructions, and haas problems organizing their tasks may be diagnosed with: a. Autism spectrum disorder. b. ADHD - hyperactive/impulsive type. c. ADHD - inattentive type. 8. In order to be diagnosed with EITHER inattentive or hyperactive/impulsive type, an individual must meet: a. 6 of 9 of the diagnostic criteria. b. 6 of 11 of the diagnostic criteria. c. 5 of 9 of the diagnostic criteria. d. 9 of 9 of the diagnostic criteria. e. Only 1 of the diagnostic criteria, if the individual is a child. 9. Much of the symptoms of ADHD tend to ‘drop off’ into adulthood, however attention is still an issue for individuals with ADHD. a. True. b. False.

10. Symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder typically begin to show during this developmental time frame: a. 2 years b. 11 months. c. 12 months. d. 6 years. 11. The overall prevalence of ASD is: a. 1 in 100. b. 1 in 300. c. 1 in 50. d. 1 in 66. 12. The main behavioural treatment for ASD is: a. Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT). b. Applied behaviour therapy (ABA). c. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). 13. Addiction is a diagnostic term under the DSM-V. a. True. b. False. 14. Genna is a university student who uses alcohol socially on the weekends. She has built up a tolerance for alcohol, and she states that she experiences heavy withdrawal symptoms the day after a heavy night of drinking. Can she be diagnosed with a SUD based on this criteria? a. Yes - she fulfills 2 of the 11 needed diagnostic criteria for SUD. b. No - a diagnosis requires a loss of control over reward-seeking behaviour, as well as psychological distress. 15. An individual can become tolerant to some aspects of a drug but not to other aspects of the same drug. a. True. b. False. 16. The worldwide prevalence of SUD is approximately: a. 2.5%. b. 1%. c. 7%. d. 4%. 17. In our lecture slides on the biopsychosocial model of vulnerability to addiction, the biggest factor seems to be: a. Genetics. b. Trauma. c. Stress. d. Poverty. e. All of the above play an equal role in vulnerability to addiction. 18. The main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis is: a. delta-9-THC. b. CBD.

c. Age of onset. d. All of the above. 29. The prevalence of Bipolar I and Bipolar II, respectively, is: a. 1.6%; 1.3%. b. 6.0%; 3.0%. c. 0.6%; 0.3%. d. None of the above. 30. Currently, the most successful drug in treating bipolar disorder is: a. SSRIs. b. SNRIs. c. Lithium. d. None of the above - CBT has been shown to be more effective. 31. The closest estimate of the prevalence of panic disorder is: a. 4%. b. 7%. c. 11%. d. 1%. 32. The main brain structure involved in fear is: a. Amygdala. b. Hippocampus. c. Nucleus accumbens. d. Striatum. 33. So far, the only gene found to be associated with panic disorder is: a. MBD-1. b. Tyrosine hydroxylase. c. COMT. d. D2R. 34. In a given 1-year period, how many individuals in the US population will experience GAD? a. 3.5%. b. 13%. c. 2.9%. d. 0.5%. 35. Roughly 66% of those diagnosed with GAD are female. a. True. b. False. 36. The risk for developing PTSD is: a. Higher in males than females, as more males go to war. b. Higher in females than males, as females typically experience greater exposure to traumatic events as well as systematic oppression. 37. Different symptoms of PTSD correlate to different affected brain circuits. a. True. b. False. 38. A main biomarker of PTSD is dysfunctional signaling of which neurotransmitter?

a. Epinephrine. b. Norepinephrine. c. Dopamine. d. Serotonin. 39. In the DSM-V, trichotillomania can be classified under this family of related disorders: a. Anxiety disorders. b. Mood disorders. c. Trauma disorders. d. Obsessive-compulsive disorders. 40. The main factor(s) of OCD are: a. Symmetry. b. Hoarding. c. Contamination. d. Taboo thoughts. e. All of the above. 41. The prevalence of OCD is approximately: a. 9%. b. 14%. c. 0.1%. d. 2%. 42. OCD is a heritable disorder: a. True. b. False. 43. What is the gold standard for treatment of OCD? a. ABA. b. DBT. c. CBT. d. SSRIs. 44. The prevalence rate of cis women, cis men, and trans/GNC individuals with EDs are, respectively: a. 11%; 2%; 25%. b. 1% 9%; 18%. c. 9%; 1%; 18%. d. 2%; 3%; 18%. 45. Is purging exclusively limited to bulimia nervosa? a. Yes. b. No. 46. EDs are typically characterized by an intense desire to lose weight. Thus, men do not experience EDs. a. True - EDs are ONLY characterized by dramatic weight loss. b. False - EDs are characterized by the PREOCCUPATION of weight, and thus individuals of any sex, gender, weight, and weight goal can develop an ED. 47. Consequences of starvation include: a. Lanugo.

14. Positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of SZ. 15. Anhedonia. 16. Affective flattening. 17. Inappropriate affect. 18. Prodromal stage. 19. Mood disorder. 20. Major depressive disorder. 21. SSRIs. 22. GWAS. 23. Panic attack. 24. Benzodiazepines. 25. Beta blockers. 26. EMDR therapy. 27. Obsessions. 28. Compulsions. 29. BMI. 30. Orthorexia. 31. Lanugo. 32. Re-feeding. Part 3 - Short Answer 1. How can epigenetics contribute to the development of psychiatric disease? 2. Explain the four steps of gene expression. 3. What are twin studies and how to they help us understand psychiatric diseases? 4. Explain how a mother rat who does not groom her pups can produce epigenetic changes in her daughter pups. How is the HPA axis involved? 5. Imagine you are a parent who receives a call from the school board regarding your son’s behaviour in school. The teacher states that he is having difficulty waiting his turn for things, does not follow instructions, not able to stay focused or do leisure activities quietly, is easily distracted, and is constantly fidgeting. a. If you take your son to your family physician, what subtype of ADHD might they diagnose him with? b. Briefly describe three tasks that can be used to help diagnose a child with ADHD, as discussed in class. c. Describe the neurobiology behind ADHD. Which neurotransmitters are involved? d. Would your son still be diagnosed with ADHD if you lived in a hunter-gatherer society? e. Is there a genetic component to ADHD? Explain. f. Is there a sex difference in the prevalence of ADHD? g. What treatment (drug) would your family physician prescribe for your son? Describe the mechanism of action of the pharmacotherapies available for ADHD. 6. Describe the three major areas of difficulty associated with ASD.

7. Describe the genetic and environmental risk factors for ASD. 8. Explain what the Extreme Male Brain Theory is in terms of ASD. 9. Describe the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system - include its primary function, the areas involved, and how drugs that act on this system can become addictive. 10. Why do we get a runner’s high? 11. What is the purpose of our endocannabinoid system? 12. What are the main endogenous ligands and receptors of endocannabinoid system? Which receptors do THC and CBD bind to and how does this affect their effects on the body and mind? 13. Explain THC’s mechanism of action in the brain. 14. What are some predictors of problematic cannabis use? 15. Genna comes into the ER, stating that her ex is stalking her. There is no proof of this behaviour, however Genna strongly believes that she is being followed. She also says that she hears a voice that is always telling her that she is being followed and that she should run away. The topics of her speech seems to jump from point A to Z and back to B and so it is difficult to understand exactly what she is saying. a. Which exact symptoms of SZ is Genna experiencing? Under what main categories do they fall under? b. Are individuals with SZ a harm to others? c. What role does dopamine and the dysregulation of DA signalling play in the development and etiology of SZ? d. Describe the micro- and macro-anatomical changes seen in the brain of an individual with SZ. e. What pharmacotherapies are typically prescribed for a patient with SZ? What are their mechanisms of action? f. Can SZ be fully cured? 16. How is autism as a disorder distinct from autism as a symptom of SZ? 17. Briefly explain how perinatal factors can influence the development of SZ. 18. Describe the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. 19. Explain the sex differences seen with the epidemiology of major depressive disorder. 20. Explain the monoamine hypothesis of depression. What evidence supports this theory? What evidence disputes this theory? 21. Describe the mechanism of action of SSRIs. 22. Explain the involvement of the HPA axis in depression. 23. Describe the three theories of bipolar disorder. 24. Differentiate between anxiety and fear. 25. Compare and contrast panic disorder and GAD. 26. What brain regions are involved in GAD? Are these regions over- or under-activated? 27. Describe the fear circuitry and how it is changed in individuals with PTSD. 28. Can beta-blockers be used to treat PTSD? Explain your answer. What about cannabis use? 29. Describe the CSTC circuit and how it is dysregulated in OCD. 30. Explain why using BMI to determine health is faulty. 31. Describe the three main diagnostic criteria of AN.