Chapters 9-11 Overviews Exam 4

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'& blAo. m-= · 40 Lel ~/ - ~\.O '9 'o5 Q-4, CL -. ' . Chapter 9 Overview Questions· t qt l l BOl!)i6) l I 1 · Oifferentta t e between the various types of fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial Joints, 8nd give 1-2 examples of each. Non or Slightly movable joints - Fibrous Suture - synarthrosis; joints in the cranial bones . Sy nd esmosis & 1nterosseous membrane - amphiarthrosis; at the ankle or between th e radius and ulna . Gomphosis - synarthrosis; a fibrous joint that holds your tooth in the socket Cartilaginous Synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage (mix of syn- & amphi-); includes epiphyseal plate Symphsis - fibrocartilage (amphiarthrosis); always at midline of the body Synovial Joints - Diarthrosis The cavity protects & minimizes friction Synovial fluid (1-2mUjoint) It 'feeds' the joint, especially the cartilage Parts of a synovial joint Articular cartilage Articular capsule - fibrous capsule + synovial membrane Synovial cavity Accessory ligaments, articular discs (menisci) & tendons - stabilize the joint Tendon sheath Bursae and articular fat pads - protect structures and fill space 2. Differentiate between synarthroses and amphiarthroses, and give 2 examples of each. Synarthrosis - immovable joint, can be found in sutures of the skull and the first pair of ribs and the sternum Amphiarthrosis - Slightly moveable joint, found in the cartilaginous joint that unites the bodi es of the adjacent vertebrae and the tibia and fibula joint 3 Draw a typical synovial joint, label all structures and indicate the function of each. . -"1 \\"':,~ 0 ~(\(/ v(.'\J\ \\~t., ' ·:/ ~u_ \ '\\)-.J\c,.\ f'-0}~ - -- . , ~'0 '/ I

4. What determ1nes11· . •m,ts the range of motion that's possible at a joint? Factors affi • _ A ectmg range of motion natomy of articulation Flexibility of t b'I• . Fl . . . s a I tzrng ligaments ex1b11tty of su . A . rroundrng muscles & tendons 9mg and joints Loss of synovial fluid Lo~s of connective tissue flexibility Articular cartilage damage Rheumatism - any P · • 1 . . Arth T arn rn around Joints not due to injury or infection n IS - rheumatism due to stiff, swollen joints from inflammation - O st eoarth~itis - degenerative loss of articular cartilage; calcification - spurs and pain. - Rheumatoid - autoimmune attack; scar tissue forms and joints eventually fuse. Gouty - uric acid deposits lead to rheumatoid-type symptoms Lyme disease - bacterial infection causes an autoimmune attack on joints. 5 - Differentiate between the various movements at synovial joints. Give at least 1 location where each movement could occur. Flexion vs. extension -lateral flexion (of head, or radial vs. ulnar flexion) -hyperextension Flexion - decrease the angle between two bones Extension - increase the angle between two bones Abduction vs adduction Abduction - describes movements of the limbs only; the limb moves away from the midline of the body Adduction - describes movement of the limbs only; the limb moves toward the midline of the body Circumduction vs rotation Circumduction - ability of a limb to move in a circular path around an axis Rotation _ Occurs when a bone ~urns on its axis toward or away from the midline of the body, in limbs or between the atlas and axis Elevation vs depression . . t . occurs in the frontal plane, hftrng the body part superiorly (upward) Eleva ,on - . . . ·on occurs in the frontal plane, hfttng the body part inferiorly (downward) Depress, - p traction vs retraction ro t· n _ pulling the shoulder blades away from the spine Protrac 10 . squeezing the shoulder blades towards the spine Retraction -

Excurs · ion - a movement o tw d . . . alternating motion u ar and back or from a mean position or a xi s rn a os c1ll a t1ng or Inversion vs eversion Inversion_ tu mers the sole of the foot inward Eversion _ tu th ms e sole of the foot outward Dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion Dorsiflexion - flex th . . es e ,oot, bnngrng the toes up toward the lower leg Plantar flexion - extends the foot, with the toes pointing down Supination vs pronation Supination - refers to the act of turning the palm upward, performed by lateral rotation of the forearm Pronation - refers to the act of turning the palm downward, performed by medical rotation of the forearm . Opposition - moves the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers. 6. Identify the 6 types of synovial joints and the type of movement performed at each. Give at least 1 example of each type of joint Planar (gliding) - lateral movement but no rotation Hinge - movement in one plane only Pivot - rotational motion along the axis of a bone condyloid (Ellipsoidal) - but convex facet; multi-directional movement but no rotation Saddle - U-shape condyloid so greater movement Ball-and-socket - full 360 range of motion

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Chapter 10 1 · Differentia te between the terms origin and insertion. Origin - the stationary point of attachment Insertion - the movable point of attachment 2· List the ways of naming muscles and give 1-2 examples that demonstrate each naming format. Directional names Rectus Transverse vs oblique Relative size Maximus, medius and minimus (overall size) Longus vs brevis (relative length) Latissimus vs longissimus (biggest- width/length) Vastus, magnus (biggest - overall size) Major & minor ( comparative size) Muscle shape Deltoid vs rhomboid vs trapezius Piriformis Serratus Orbicularis Platys Quadratus vs gracilis

1. Desc . Chapter 11 nbe the characteristics of muscl ( es all 3 types). - Skeletal (striated/voluntary) - ra id s . Cardiac (striated/involuntary) - hp , ustamed contractions, repetitive work tires 1 ove contraction without ti . m,c cells can generate their own action potential, rapid, repetT eart - autorhyth · Smooth (non-st . t d . nng, not sustained na e /mvolunta ) _ su non-sustained contract' ry rrou nd s hollow structures, eyes, hair, used for slow, ion, can be greatly stretched ' s-sect,on, and label the components. 2. Draw a skeletal muscle in cros . 3. Describe the functions of the connective tissues in skeletal muscles. Skeletal - stabilizes body position and control movement smooth/cardiac - regulate organ volume and control movement Skeletal and cardiac - thermogenesis and control movement 4. Lisi the various proteins round in a sarcomere and describe the function of each. proteins (actin, myosin) that are responsible tor skeletal muscle contraction. Their very regular, orderly arrangement is what gives skeletal muscle fibers a stnated appearance. Actin _ rorms the bulk of the thin filaments which are attached to the z~ines. . torms the thick filaments, located In the middle of each sarcomere partially overt . . Myoson - ' appong with the thin (actin) filaments.

5. list the various component f 5 0 a synapse and describe the role of each in myofibril contraction. Each myofibril is composed of Sa numerous sarcomeres, the functional contractile region of a striated muscle. se O myofilaments of myosin and actin which interact using the sliding filament model rcomeres are compo d f and cross-bridge cycle to contract. , • sarcoplasm: The cytoplasm of a myocyte. • sarcoplasmic reticulum: The equivalent of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a myocyte. • sarcolemma: The cell membrane of a myocyte . • sarcomere: The functional contractile unit of the myofibril of a striated muscle 6 - Lists the steps in myofibril contraction, in the correct order. a. Neuron releases acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft, it diffuses across then binds to receptors on the muscle cell. i. The ACh receptor is a ligand-gated Na+channel b. Influx of Na+ depolarizes the membrane, opening voltage-gated Na+ channels all through the cell - action potential c. The depolarization also opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in SR membrane d. Ca2+ binding causes T &T to shift off actin e. Myosin heads bind ATP and hydrolyze it (to ADP + Pi), cocking its "head" f. Myosin binds actin and pulls its head back to "resfposition (the powerstroke), pulling thin filaments toward the midline of the sarcomere. g. Myosin releases ADP and actin, then binds a new ATP h. The contraction is "all or nothing" 7. Describe what needs to happen for a myofiber to relax once it has contracted . • The Na+ channel closes when acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh. - Na+/K + pumps remove Na+ from the cell, resetting the gradient. - Ca2+ channels close and Ca2+ is pumped back into the SR.. T&T cover actin binding sites so the filaments slide back to resting positions. a. Define "all-or-nothing" in relation to muscle ~contraction. Th definition of the all-or-none law is actually based on a principle which states that when a nerve cell mu:cle fiber responds, It is dependent on the strength of that stimulus because if the signal received is ;~ove •fi threshold the nerve and or the muscle fiber will fire or tt will not. a spec, 1c • compare & contrast the 3 ways in which a s~eletal muscle cell can obtain ATP. Which is best for 9· f ctivity? Which is best for long-term activity? a short burst o a · . Phosphate_ stores ATP energy; immediate use - The 3rd P043- is transferred t . creatm 1 e It can be transferred back when the cell needs ATP. 0 a creatine molecue. -

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Glycolysis - fo 2 AJP/ . . m . 1 rms glucose - 02 1s irrelevant so "anaerobic " - Occurs in the cytoplasm. - The glucose ain Y comes from t d I , . mito h . . ore g ycogen. - Glucose 2 pyruvate, which is used to form more ATP in the c 0nd na, OR it 1s turned into lactic acid. Aerobic Resp· ti f . m ·t ira on - orms lots of ATP from the pyruvate - Requires 02 so aerobic. - Takes place m the 1 ochond · ( , . . na more membrane = more ATP). - Fatty acids and amino acids also make ATP via this pathway 1 O. Compare how a muscle (not a single myofiber) is contracted for: a) a low-strength activity (e.g. picking up _your phone), b) for a high-strength activity (e.g. picking up a heavy bag of groceries) and c) a situation in which a load cannot be moved. 11 D 'b · escn e the differences between the three types of skeletal muscle cells/fibers. Skeletal muscle fibers can be classified based on two criteria: 1) how fast do fibers contract relative to others, a nd 2) how do fibers regenerate ATP. Using these criteria, there are three main types of skeletal musci& fibers recognized. Slow oxidative (SO) fibers contract relatively slowly and use aerobic respiration (oxygen andl glucose) to produce ATP. Fast oxidative (FO) fibers have relatively fast contractions and primarily use aerobic respiration to generate ATP. Lastly, fast glycolytic (FG) fibers have relatively fast contractions and primarily use anaerobic glycolysis. Most skeletal muscles in a human body contain all three types, although in varying proportions. 12. Compare & contrast the structures, locations and functions of the three types of muscle tissue. Smooth muscles are composed of elongated, spindle shaped cells and are commonly involved in involuntary motions. Involuntary muscle contractions or motions are those movements that cannot be consciously controlled. The nucleus is centrally located and there are no striations in smooth muscle cells. These types of cells are located throughout the body. Muscles made from these types of cells include those found in the walls of blood vessels, urinary bladder, and the digestive system. Skeletal muscles allow movement by being attached to bones in the body. Skeletal muscles control voluntary movements which can be consciously controlled. Skeletal muscles are made up of cylindrical fibers which are found in the locomotive system. The nucleus of each cell tends to be toward the edge of each cell and the cells are striated. Cardiac muscles are roughly quadrangular in shape ~nd have a sin_gle central nucleus. The cells form a network of branching fibers. The muscles are cross stnated and are involuntary. The muscles are found in the heart.

Chapters 9-11 Overviews Exam 4

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