Bio exam 4 review

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Feb 20, 2024

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An introduction to animals. 1. The surface of most animals is lined by an outer layer of protective epithelial tissue, the skin. What is the embryonic origin of these cells? The ectoderm 2. Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissue? Nervous: Mesoderm 3. Which of the following traits is (are) unique to animals? Nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement 4. According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is ________. Monophyletic 5. All of the following support the sponges–first hypothesis for the origin of multicellularity in animals EXCEPT ________. Ctenophores lack miRNA, while sponges have gene regulators 6. The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ________. Flagellated Protist 7. Diploblasts have only two embryonic tissue layers. What are these layers? The ectoderm and the endoderm 8. The non-bilaterian animals consists of which three groups? Ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa, and deuterostomia 9. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of indirect development in animals? These are benefits: Animals with indirect development produce large numbers of eggs. It is also the ability to make large numbers of offspring that can feed themselves very quickly. 10. Among sexually reproducing animals, viviparous species... viviparous species… giving birth to living young from within the body rather than laying eggs . 11. Animals can be grouped as viviparous, oviparous, or ovoviviparous depending on where eggs and embryos develop following internal fertilization. Which of these reproductive strategies is most common among animals? Oviparous (egg laying)
12. What animal lacks any type of nervous system? Sponges 13. The basic bilaterian body shape is a tube within a tube. What is the name of the fluid filled body cavity between these tubes? Coelom 14. The most recent common ancestor to the protostomes and deuterostomes most likely featured which of the following traits? A body captivity Body Cavity 15. Animals have evolved a variety of feeding strategies. What type of animal is most likely to capture food suspended in the air or water? Filter feeders are found in many different animal phyla, including brachiopods, mollusks, various worms, and chordates 16. Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. Animal heterotrophy can be distinguished from fungal heterotrophy in that most animals derive their nutrition by ________. ingesting materials 17. You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid? It sheds its external cuticle to grow. 18. The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells? Endoderm 19. Muscle cells among animals are a result of divergent evolutionary paths, yet all animals have homologous genes for __________. contractile proteins 20. An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also ________. has bilateral symmetry 1. You find what you believe is a new species of animal. What characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm? It has no coelom. 2. Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation?
type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom) 3. Adaptations to terrestrial environments evolved independently in arthropods, mollusks, nematodes, and annelids. What logical conclusion would you make from this statement? The common ancestor of all these groups was probably aquatic 4. A cephalopod's tentacles are modified from its ________. Which one of the following is a lophotrochozoan? foot 5. the two major subgroups within the protostomes are? Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa . 6. A(n) ________ has a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding. lophophore 7. Among the major animal groups, which contains the largest number of species? Insects 8. Which of the following protostomes would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length. a platyhelminth 9. Both plants and animals went through a water to land transition during their evolutionary history. Comparing these... 10. Which of the following is not a challenge that animals had to overcome in adapting to life on land? Webbed feet 11. Among the protostomes both roundworms and earthworms have high surface area to volume ratios that are an adaptation to increase the efficiency of gas exchange. As a consequence this restricts these animals to only certain environments. Where would you expect to find roundworms and earthworms? Roundworms are free living, and earthworms are in fresh water habitats. 12. Spiral cleavage is a characteristic trait for which group of animals? annelids, mollusks, and flatworms,
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13. Segmentation is found in both the segmented worms (annelids) and the arthropods. Based on modern molecular data what is the current interpretation for such similar body organizations being found in both groups? 14. The coelom is greatly reduced in mollusks, instead visceral organs are found in what location? Around the heart. 15. The common ancestor of the protostomes had a coelom. What does this suggest? The body cavity evolved before the lophophore 16. within the protostomes, which group is characterized by intermittent growth through molting? arthropods . 17. The arthropod body plan is defined by three key features. Which of the following is NOT one of these features? 18. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding protostome diversity? There are more lophotrochozoans than ecdysozoans. 19. The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups–Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding most likely suggest? Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared. 20. Which one of these mollusk groups can be classified as suspension feeders? bivalves 21. Which mollusk group can be described as having several calcium carbonate plates along their dorsal side? chitons 22. Tardigrades differ from arthropods in that they have ________. jointed appendages. 1. What unique characteristic do all deuterostomes have in common? The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus. 2. Which of the following is a characteristic of larval echinoderms? bilateral symmetry 3. Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?
Post Anal Tail 4. What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction. 5. Vertebrates and tunicates share ________. a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord 6. What group among the animals do you (as a human being) belong to? mammals 7. Within the animals, which of the following major subdivision of animals is most species rich? Insect species 8. We can divide deuterostomes and protostomes by patterns in their embryonic development. How does the fate of the blastopore differ between these groups? The blastopore in a protostome develops into a mouth, whereas the blastopore in deuterostomes develops into an anal opening 9. Radial symmetry is found in which groups? 10. Which of the following is NOT a synapomorphy of the echinoderms? sea slug 11. What is the sister group (closest living relatives) to the vertebrates? Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates. 12. the first group of tetrapods to live on land are? Acanthostega and Ichthyostega 13. which of the following is NOT an evolutionary advantage of viviparity and the placenta in mammals? which of the following is NOT an evolutionary advantage of viviparity and the placenta in mammals? 14. which group of animals has NOT evolved powered flight? The ones that HAVE are birds, bats, peterosaurs, and insects. 15. Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? ray-finned fish 16. What is the role of the water vascular system in echinoderms ________. Locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration.
17. For which of the following animal groups are all of the species entirely aquatic? echinodermata 18. If kelp farmers wanted to maximize their harvest, which type of echinoderm would they be most concerned about in the habitat? sea urchins 19. How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages? It allowed for smaller bosy size. 20. The distinguishing developmental feature of body endoskeleton is that it arises from ________. Mesodermal cells 21. Which of these are amniotes? Turtles, lungfish, fish, and amphibians
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