Biol 113 Practice Exam 1

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Feb 20, 2024

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Biol 113 Practice Exam 1 Natural selection 1) What researchers formulated our current theory of evolution by natural selection? Darwin and Wallace 2) Which of the following best describes a scientific theory? It is a well-tested explanation for a wide range of experimental results 3) The Greek philosopher Plato claimed that every organism was an example of a perfect essence created by God, and that they were unchanging. What type of thinking is Plato's description of species? Typological 4) How did Aristotle's "Great Chain of Being" differ from Plato's concept of the origin of organisms? Aristotle proposed that species were fixed types organized into a sequence based on increased size and complexity 5) Among several different forms of evolutionary thought that we considered in class, which proposed that evolution happened at the level of the population? 6) When reviewing the rise of evolutionary thought, we reviewed several past explanations for the observed diversity of life. Which incorporated the concept of evolution (that species change through time)? 7) Several forms of evidence show how species have changed over time, which of the following is NOT on its own a form of evidence for this change over time? 8) Which of the following serve as evidence that species have changed over time? The Fossil Record 9) What allows the relative age of fossils to be established in sedimentary rock formations? 10)What is a fossil? Fossils are traces of organisms that lived in the past

11)Fossils of giant sloth species have been found that are now seen nowhere in nature. This suggests that? 12) What must be TRUE of any organ described as vestigial? A reduced or incompletely developed structure in an organism that has no (or reduced) function 13) Similar gill pouches in embryos of a chick, human, and cat are an example of ________. developmental homology 14) The same basic internal organs (kidneys, stomach, heart, and lungs) are found in frogs, birds, snakes, and rodents. This is primarily an example of ________. structural homology 15) Structural homology refers to similarities in adult morphology , while developmental homology can refer to similarities in developmental structures or processes. 16) Biological fitness is best defined as ________ relative the ability of an individual to produce offspring that survive and reproduce. 17) If you say that a ground squirrel has greater evolutionary fitness than another ground squirrel in the same population, you mean that the animal ________. More offspring 18) If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic- resistance genes, what would happen in environments that lack antibiotics? These bacteria would be outcompeted and replaces by bacteria that have lost these genes. 19) DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Instead, DDT is now largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have prevented this evolution of DDT resistance in insect pests? None of the insect pests would have genetic varriations that resulted in DDT resistance

Evolutionary Process 1) Evolution in a population of sea turtles can be caused by the following agent(s). 2) Which of the following terms refers to the hypothetical grouping of all of the alleles from all the gametes produced in each generation by a group of organisms? Gene pool 3) Which of the following is most likely to produce an African butterfly species in the wild whose populations show two strikingly different color patterns? disruptive selection 4) Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? stabilizing selection 5) The cause of genetic drift is sampling error, which occurs Genetic drift occurs during genetic bottlenecks and causes a change in allele frequencies 6) The four processes that drive evolution are? Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation 7) Which of the following is the best definition for evolution? The change in allele frequencies 8) Of the processes of evolution, which is best described as: “increases frequency of alleles that contribute to reproductive success in a particular environment”? 9) Under conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium how do you expect allele frequencies to change from one generation to the next? 10) What does inbreeding reduce in the population in future generations? 11) Which of the following mechanisms do NOT directly cause evolution?

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12) Of the four modes of natural selection that we went over in class (Directional. Stabilizing, Disruption, and Balancing), which favors an extreme phenotype? 13) Genetic drift acts to _____ genetic variation within populations, and to _____ genetic distance between populations. 14) In what form of evolution is genetic material transferred from one species to another? 15) What evolutionary process is the ultimate source of new genetic variation? 16) Evolution would stop without which of the following evolutionary processes? 17) For biologists studying a large flatworm population in the lab, which Hardy-Weinberg condition is most difficult to meet? 18) Which evolutionary process occurs when individuals leave one population and join another? 19) Which evolutionary process is decided by differences in reproductive success? Speciation 1) Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful reproduction is possible. 2) What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? Gene flow 3) Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of two closely related tree frogs in South America. If reinforcement is occurring, what would you expect if you compare the calls of the two species in zones of sympatry versus zones of allopatry? Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry. 4) In hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring, you should see a decline in gene ﬂow between distinct gene pools .

5) Which of the following could be a vicariance event? 6) Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation? 7) Reinforcement is most likely to occur when ________. 8) Speciation results from a two step process, these steps are? Two step process involving genetic isolation and genetic divergences; Involves splitting of an ancestral species into two or more distinct species 9) Genetic isolation serves to stop which evolutionary process? Genetic isolation serves to stop the evolutionary process of gene flow between different populations or groups of organisms. 10)Which of the following is a problem with applying the biological species concept to identify different species? 11)Which of the following would keep two populations of the same species separate? 12)Allopatric speciation _____, and sympatric speciation _____. 13)Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of ________ 14)Which of the following statements explains why animals are less likely than plants to speciate by polyploidy? 15)The origin of a new plant species by hybridizing two existing species, coupled with accidents during cell division, is an example of ________. 16)Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of ________. 17)Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?

18)A small number of birds arrive on an island from a neighboring larger island. This small population begins to adapt to the new food plants available on the island as selection favors those birds with larger beaks. 19)About twice a year, one or two more birds from the neighboring island arrive. These new arrivals ________ Phylogenies and the History of Lif 1) On a phylogenetic tree, _____ represent speciation events and ____ represent the taxa. 2) A derived trait is best defined as? 3) A group on a phylogenetic tree that contains an ancestral population and ALL of its descendants (but no others) is known as? 4) A group on a phylogenetic tree that contains an ancestral population but NOT all of its descendants is known as? 5) Which of the following are methods that can be used to filter / construct phylogenetic trees? 6) Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _______. 7) Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to perform about the same function. Which of the following would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology instead of convergent evolution? 8) Ichthyosaurs, now extinct, were aquatic reptiles with dorsal fins and tails, similar to those of fish. Their most recent ancestors were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are ________. 9) The term "homoplasy" is most applicable to which of the following features?

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10) If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of dogs, which of the following would be the best outgroup? 11)Which of the following organisms would be most likely to fossilize? 12) Both ancestral birds and ancestral mammals shared a common ancestor that was a terrestrial vertebrate. Today, penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals? What term best describes the flippers of penguins and seals? 13)Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend? 14)Four of the five choices below are situations/events that can trigger adaptive radiations, what is the exception.

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