Topic of the Week_Lab 8_2023

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BIOL-186

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Feb 20, 2024

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Name: Anna Hale Total: /10 ‘Topic of the Week’ Literature Assignment – Lab 8 The learning objectives of this assignment are to: 1) Find a primary scholarly article related a topic from Lab 8 using a keyword search on Web of Science. 2) Describe in your own words, different sections of a chosen primary scholarly article, including the abstract. Submission and Grading: Fill in the required information on this worksheet and submit it to Topic of the Week Dropbox in the Assignments module on Brightspace as a .doc or .docx file (no PDFs). Late assignments will not be accepted and will receive a grade of zero. Assignment submissions will be time-stamped by the Brightspace website.  Please upload your assignment well-before the deadline to avoid a late assignment. Always back up your work.  Lost assignments due to computer crashes, file corruption or other computer related issues will not be excused. Exercise 1. Using Web of Science , accessed through the UVic library, find a PRIMARY SCHOLARLY article using a chosen keyword related to a topic from Lab 8. Enter the bibliographic information in the table below. This table will be marked for content, not formatting. (2 marks) Keyword used frogs Title of article Prevalence and intensity of Alaria alata (Goeze, 1792) in water frogs and brown frogs in natural conditions Author(s) Patrelle, C ; Portier, J ; Jouet, D ; Delorme, D ; Ferté, H Title of journal (Source) Parasitology Research Date of publication Dec 2015 Volume 114 Page Numbers (if applicable)* 4405-4412 DOI (digital object 10.1007/s00436-015-4680-z

identifier) if found * some articles are only available electronically and may not have page numbers Exercise 2. You have now familiarized yourself with the different sections of an entire primary scholarly article, except for the abstract . The abstract is a summary that highlights the main findings of an article. Refer to the link ‘Writing an Abstract for a Research Paper’ on Brightspace. Other sources may also be used for more information about an abstract. (i) In your own words, describe the purpose of an abstract (1 mark) . An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, typically spanning a paragraph with 150- 250 words. Its primary functions include providing readers with a quick overview of the paper's essence, aiding them in deciding whether to delve into the complete document. Additionally, a well-crafted abstract serves as a precursor, orienting readers for the in-depth information, analyses, and arguments found in the full paper. It plays a role in aiding readers' retention of key points from the research, contributing to a lasting understanding of the paper's content. (ii) In your own words, describe the methods highlighted in the abstract of the chosen article (1 mark) . The study investigates the suitability of brown frogs and water frogs sensu lato as second intermediate hosts for mesocercarial infection of a parasite in an area where A. alata has been identified in water snails and wild boars. (ii) Look at the methods section of the chosen article. In your own words, elaborate on the methods highlighted in the abstract (1 mark) . Describe how analysis of the data was performed (1 mark) . The abstract was not very clear on what methods they were using to conduct the experiment, only what they hoped to find and what they were studying. The study focused on collecting brown frogs and water frogs from two specific sites, the "Coulon canal" and the "Argentolle pond woods," in the Der-Chantecoq area in Northeast France. Amphibians were collected during eight campaigns between April 2011 and July 2012, following permits obtained from French authorities. The collected amphibians, including tadpoles and various frog developmental stages, were brought to the laboratory for testing. Identification of amphibians was based on morphological criteria, categorizing them into the brown frog sensu lato group or the water frog sensu lato group. Molecular analysis was performed on water frogs to ensure reliable taxonomic identification. Euthanized amphibians were dissected, and remaining tissues were analyzed using a modified Baermann technique to detect pulmonary protostrongylids larvae. Parasites were counted, collected, and preserved in 95° ethanol for molecular analysis. Molecular identification of A.

alata mesocercaria from amphibians was conducted to confirm morphological identifications and distinguish them from mesocercariae of Strigeidae. The methods used followed established protocols for both morphological and molecular analyses. The Pearson's chi-square test was employed for group comparisons, while parasitic burdens were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Man Whitney procedure, specifically applying the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. All statistical analyses were conducted using the R software provided by The R Foundation for Statistical Computing in 2005. (iii) In your own words, describe the one of the results highlighted in the abstract (1 mark) . The prevalence of infection was higher in the brown frog group, reaching 56.9%, compared to 11.54% in water frogs. This suggests that the brown frog group is more susceptible to infection in the study area. (iv) Look at the results section of the chosen article. In your own words, elaborate on the results highlighted in the abstract mentioned in (iii) (1 mark). A total of 98 brown frogs sensu lato were collected, consisting of 61 tadpoles and 37 adults. Among these, A. alata mesocercaria was observed in 53 individuals, comprising 33 tadpoles and 20 adults. The observed mesocercarial count ranged from 1 to 331, with an overall average parasitic burden of 65.48 mesocercaria (standard deviation, SD = 90.16). The average parasitic burden was 86.75 (SD = 96.54) for tadpoles and 18.67 (SD = 20.81) for adult frogs, as detailed in Table 1. A total of 52 water frogs sensu lato were collected, including 23 tadpoles and 29 adults, and examined for the presence of A. alata. Out of these, 6 individuals (1 tadpole and 5 adults) were found to harbor mesocercaria in a range from 6 to 314. The average parasitic burden for these water frogs was 83.6 mesocercaria, with a standard deviation of 131.04, as detailed in Table 1 and illustrated in Figure 2. (v) Provide a screenshot of the result described in (iv). What type of the format is the result presented as (1 mark) ?

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(vi) Provide the bibliographical reference for the article according to Appendix D in the lab manual (1 mark) . C. Patrelle, J. Portier, D. Jouet, D. Delorme, and H. Ferté. 2015. Prevalence and intensity of Alaria alata (Goeze, 1792) in water frogs and brown frogs in natural conditions. Parasitology Research 114: 4405-4412. (vii) How are points of discussion supported in a discussion (1 mark) ? Statement of principal findings, strengths and weaknesses of the study, strengths and weaknesses in relation to other studies, discussing particularly any differences in results, meaning of the study: possible mechanisms and implications, unanswered questions and future research, final thoughts, and conclusion. (viii) In your own words, describe one point of discussion from the chosen article above (2 marks) . The study suggests a potential impact of high parasite burdens on host survival, particularly in terms of mesocercaria localization within the host. The study found that the highest densities of A. alata mesocercaria were concentrated in the tissues around the eyes, comprising up to a

third of the total burden. This pattern aligns with findings from previous research on Alaria americana (Hofer and Johnson 1970). The researchers propose that such high parasite densities around the eyes could affect the vision of frogs or tadpoles, potentially diminishing their ability to avoid predators or navigate their environment, thereby posing a threat to their survival. This impact on amphibian visual abilities might increase the likelihood of predation and facilitate the transmission of A. alata to subsequent hosts, whether paratenic or definitive.

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