BIOL 1311 FINAL Review

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Texas A&M University, Kingsville *

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1311

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Both plants and animals have the ability to photosynthesize Answer: False All of the following are organelles found in all cells except Answer: Mitochondria Plants are hypothesized to be evolved from an algae species. Answer: True Bacteria, Archea, and fungi are all prokaryotes. Answer: False All of the following are kingdoms except Answer: Angiosperms The cell cycle includes Interphase, and Mphase (Mitosis). Answer: True Interphase includes G1, Sphase, G2, and Mphase (Mitosis) Answer: False Which organelle is responsible for converting sunlight energy into chemical energy (sugar) for the plants to use? Answer: Chloroplast Amyloplasts, Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, and Elaioplasts are all examples of. Answer: Plastids Plant Cell Walls are composed of Cellulose, Pectin, and Hemicellulose. Answer: True All of the following are main functions of roots except. Answer: photosynthesis Woody trees don't undergo secondary growth. Answer: False The shoot and root apical meristems can be found in a specific areas of the shoot and root tip. Answer: True All of the following are examples of primary tissues except. Answer: secondary Phloem Subapical meristems are regions below the apical meristems where further growth and differentiation occurs. Answer: True Xylem and Phloem make up the vascular tissue in plants. Xylem transports sugar and Phloem transports water. Answer: False Potato tuber is an example of a storage root modification. Answer: False Perennials are plants that have.. Answer: Many years of growth Secondary growth occurs at the lateral meristems in herbaceous stems. Answer: False Select all that apply to secondary growth. Answer: vascular cambium, cork cambium The cork and bark structure of older woody trees is produced by the vascular cambium. Answer: False What is the primary function of lenticels? Answer: Gas exchange A plant must first exhibit primary growth before it can exhibit secondary growth. Answer: True

All cells have a cell wall, cytoplasm, genetic material and ribosomes. Answer: False All plants are heterotrophs in that they make their own food. Answer: False Apical Meristems give rise to sub-apical meristems which function in. Answer: Elongation and Differentiation Apical meristems are responsible for the extension of the plant body. Answer: True Heartwood is different from sapwood because it. Answer: is nonconducting. If a flower has glands that secrete nectar, the cells that make up the glands would have many. Answer: Dictyosomes or Golgi. In the cell cycle, interphase consists of. Answer: the G1, G2, and S phases. Perennials have a life-span of only one year. Answer: False Phloem transports water through the plant body and is not present in secondary growth stems. Answer: False Plastids that contain carotenoids or other pigments, but lack chlorophyll are known as. Answer: chromoplasts. Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having many organelles and a large nucleus. Answer: False Roots function in plants for. Answer: All of the above Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in ______ synthesis and detoxification. Answer:lipid. The activity of the ______ results in a thickening and widening of stems, branches, and roots. Answer: lateral meristems. The cell structure that are the primary sites for protein synthesis are called. Answer: ribosomes. The components of primary cell walls are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose and lignin. Answer: False The endosymbiotic theory's goal is to explain? Answer: the early formation of eukaryotic cell from prokaryotic ancestors. The function of phloem is to ______. Answer: transport food The function of stomata is. Answer: regulating the exchange of gases

The function of the waxy cuticle above the epidermis is. Answer: prevent water loss The function of the xylem is to. Answer: transport water. The mitochondria is an organelle that takes in sunlight to produce sugars through photosynthesis. Answer: False The plant cell wall can have small passages that join adjacent cells to exchange nutrients, water, or extensions of the Endoplasmic reticulum are called. Answer: Plasmodesmata The three primary tissue systems (not tissue types) of the developing plant body are.. Answer: the epidermal/dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems cortex When a botanist uses the word "indeterminate," she is referring to the: Answer: unlimited growth of the apical meristems. Which of the following statements about photosynthetic autotrophs is FALSE? Answer: They obtain their required organic compounds from consuming other organisms. Wood is exclusively a characteristic present in secondary growth. Answer: True Xylem is made up of the following cell types. Answer: A&B. _____ are plastids that store polysaccharide molecules like starch. Answer: Amyloplasts. Question Correct Match Tylose H. Is the material that is produced to plug up the vascular system in heartwood. Collenchyma B. Tissue that has unevenly thickened primary cell walls, provides support for vascular bundles, and are found beneath the epidermis Sclerenchyma K. Both primary cell wall and lignified secondary cell wall present, to examples are fibers and sclereids.

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Phloem L. Is part of the vascular system that is composed of sieve tube elements and companion cells Amyloplasts N. These are starch storing plastids that are found in non-photosynthetic areas of the plant. Parenchyma M. This tissue type is metabolically active, alive at maturity, and has thin primary cell walls. Plasmodesmata G. Passageways between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells within a tissue. Cell Membrane J. can be described as a mosaic and is present in all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Xylem C. is part of the vascular system and is made of tracheids and vessel elements. Chloroplasts O. Responsible for photosynthesis and contain chlorophyll. Storage roots, parasitic roots, and aerial roots. F. All are examples of root modifications. Root system of monocots I. fibrous root systems Root system of Dicots D. taproot system Apoplastic flow A. passage of material into the roots via the cell walls of adjacent cells

Symplastic Flow E. Passage of materials into the roots via plasmodesmata of adjacent cells Question Correct Match Abscisic Acid E. Triggers closure of stomatal pores during periods of drought. Positive Tropism F. Growing toward stimuli Negative Tropism H. Growing away from stimuli Plagiotropism A. Growing at an angle in response to stimuli Phototropism J. Growth of the plant in response to light Thigmotropism D. Growth of the plant in response to touch. Chemotropism C. Growth of plant cells growing towards response to chemicals. Gravitropism I. Plant structures like roots growing in response to gravitational forces. Hormone G. Organic chemicals produced in one part of a plant and transported to other plants, where they initiate a response. Auxin B. Chemical that caused apical meristems to grow and initiate new cells.

Above and belowground herbivores, parasistic plants, bacteria and fungi are all potential sources of stimuli that would potentially create a defense response on plants. Answer: True Physical plant defenses are chemicals that plant produces to ward off potential herbivores. Answer: False Chemical defenses are structures that the plant produces such as thorns or spines. Answer: False According to the lecture on plant defensses, the signalling pathway from an herbivore bite is: systemin-->membrane receptor-->activation of proteinase inhibotor genes-->release of Proteinase inhibitors Answer: True Constitutive plant defenses are produced by & present in the plant irrespective of attack. Answer: True Induced plant defenses are produced by & present in the plant in response to attack. Answer: True Choose all of the functions of secondary metabolites. Answer: They protect primary metabolism by deterring herbivores, reduce tissue loss, and avoid indection by microbil pathogens, The also attract pollinators and seed-dispersing animals,They act as an agent of plant-plant competition, They are formed from the byproducts or intermediates of primary metabolism Terpenes, Phenolic Compounds, Nitrogen containing secondary products (alkaloids) are the three principal groups of secondary metabolites. Answer: True A C3 plant in Laredo, TX during the summer (dry/hot) might respond by perform the following except: Answer: opening stomata only at night Acidic soils have the following effect on soil nutrients and minerals: Answer: become readily available to plants. All of the following are plant cellular levels of communication except: Answer: alarm signaling. All of the following are true about auxin except: Answer: auxin is responsible for starting the Calvin-Benson Cycle. Chlorosis is a plant condition refering to the: Answer yellowing of leaves. Dead leaf tissue on plants is a condition called? Answer: necrosis In photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide is oxidized to form sugar/Glucose. Answer: False Light-dependent reactions in plants proceed in the _____. Answer: thylakoid membrane Nitrogen fixing bacteria are parasitic and will almost always kill the host plant. Answer: False

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Notes and observations of the Venus Fly-Trap showed that: Answer: The plant is very sensitive and responds to specific stimuli. The plant is very sensitive and responds to specific stimuli. Answer: False Photorespiration is a condition that occurs in hot and dry climate where plants use O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin-Benson Cycle. Answer: True Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of cells and cell respiration occurs in the mitochondria. Plants undergo both reactions. Answer: True Plant's main photosynthetic pigments are known as xanthophyll and carotenoids. Answer:False Plants readily take up nitrogen from the atmosphere. Answer: False Plants responding to environmental stimuli: Answer: All of the above are important mechanisms for chemical reception Rubisco fixes Carbon dioxide to which molecule: Answer: ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. (RuBP) Soil and dirt are terms that can be used interchangeably. Soil is only made up of the non-living minerals and weathered rock. Answer: False Soil organisms like fungi, that are associated with roots are mostly parasitic and rarely benefit the host plant. Answer: False Stomata are involved in all the following except? Answer: insect predation The Calvin cycle takes place in the: Answer: chloroplast stroma. The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from: Answer: water The soil allows for roots to stabilize plants and aid in water absorption. Answer: True The sugar production reactions of photosynthesis are also called the ______ reactions. Answer: light-independent Where in a plant cell is chlorophyll found? Answer: in the thylakoid membrane Which is classified as a plant's main photosynthetic pigment? Answer: Chlorophyll a Which of the following environmental conditions is likely to enhance photorespiration? Answer: a hot, dry environment

Which of the following highlight the benefits of soil to plants? Answer: all of the above are beneficial Which of the following is the very next event that occurs when a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light? Answer: The electron is boosted/ejected to an excited state Which of the following statements about soil is FALSE? Answer: None of the above are false. Question Correct Match Tendrils F. Leaf modification that allows plants to wrap around and climb Active Transport K. Movement of materials across the cell membrane requiring ATP Passive Transport C. Movement of materials across the cell membrane without requiring ATP CAM Plants I. These plants keep their stomata closed during the day and open at night. Ex. Cactus C4 Plants D. These plants have Kranz Anatomy (bundle sheath and mesophyll cells) which allow them to fix CO2 twice. Nitrogen deficiency A. Stunted growth and extremely pale yellow Phosphorus deficiency G. Plants short and dark green, and may turn brown or black. Potassium Deficiency E. Causes small spots on the tips, edges of pale leaves

Calcium deficiency N. Tender leaves are pale and drying starting at the tips Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria O. Soil Microorganisms that are often found in root nodules that help make nitrogen available to plants. Symbiotic Mycorrhizae B. Soil Microorganisms that are found on the periphery of roots and extensions into the cortex. They aid in the uptake of phosphorus. Thighmotropism J. Plants responding to touch stimuli Phototropism L. Plants responding to light stimuli Gravitropism H. Plant growth in response to gravitational forces Plagiotropism M. Plants growing at an angle All land plants are hypothesized to be descended from an Algae named Chara spp. Answer: True Bryophytes are seedles vascular plants. Answer: False Ferns are seedless vascular plants where the gametophyte dominates the life cycle. Answer: False Gymnosperm are cone bearing, seed producing and flowering plants. Answer: False If I am walking along a stream and I encounter bryophytes without the sporophyte present. The plant I am looking at is diploid or 2N. Answer: False Male gamete producing structures are called Antheridia, Female gamete producing structures are called Archegonia. Answer: True Mosses are small plants that require_______to complete their reproductive life cycle. Answer: Water Please Choose all of the Ferns and Fern Allies. Answer: Whisk Ferns, Equisetum, True Ferns (Pteridophyta), Club Mosses

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Please select all that belong in the Gymnosperm Group. Answer: Coniferphyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkophyta, Cycadophyta, elect all the terms that apply to Bryophytes. Answer: Hydroids, Leptoids, Photosynthetic roots, spores, protonema The gametophyte stage dominates the Bryophyte life cyle. Answer: True The sporophyte stage in bryophytes is where gametes are produced. Answer: False True Ferns and Plants called fern allies are placed in the same group because of their ability to hybridize. Answer: False Which important molecule are bryophytes missing in their structures that does not allow them to reach tall height? Answer: Lignin Which structure in bryophytes allow them to attach to hard impervious surfaces. Answer: filamentous rhizoids All are characteristics of Monocots except. Answer: Central taproot Please select all that apply. Choose all structures that can be potentially found on a flower. Answer: Stamen, Carpel, Petal, Ovary, Ovule Please select all that apply. Select all of the characteristics of a dicot/eudicot. Answer: Flower parts in multiples of four or five, netlike venation, two cotyledons, Vacular bundles arranged in a ring production of cones Double fertilization is a characteristic of gymnosperms in which two sperms enter the ovule; one fertilizes the egg and one fuses to form endosperm. Answer: False The family of dicots known as the asteraceae has numerous species that include the sunflowers and daisies. Answer: True The family of monocots poacease (order: poales) is considered to be the grass family and includes, oats, corn and rice. Answer: True A flower that has only Carpels and petals is: Answer: carpellate flower A flower that has only stamens and petals is: Answer: staminate flower A heterosporous plant is one that. Answer: produces 2 spore types microspores and megaspores, which give rise to male and female gametophytes respectively, produces a gametophyte that bears both antheridia and archegonia. A palm tree has a fibrous root system, and parallel veins in leaves. It is likely a. Answer: Monocot

All of the following are characteristics of dicots except: Answer: all are characteristics All the following are characteristics of monocots except. Answer: flower parts in multiples of four or five Angiosperms are most closely related to. Answer: gymnosperms Bryophytes and Ferns are from the same plant group since they both reproduce by spores. Answer: False Bryophytes are transitional plants between the charophyte algae and vascular land plants. Answer: True Bryophytes don’t have true leaves and stems but have a dense woody rhizoid system. Answer: False Bryophytes have all the following characteristics except. Answer: vascular tissue Bryophytes never formed forests (mats maybe, but not forests) because. Answer: they lack lignin to grow tall Bryophytes require hot and dry conditions to complete their life cycle. Answer: False Ferns and fern allies primarily spend their life cycle in the gametophyte stage. Answer: False Ferns have similar associated plants called allies because they can cross pollinate with each other. Answer: False Grasses are primarily pollinated by. Answer: Wind Gymnosperms are important economically, because they often harvested for building materials, paper and resins. Answer: True Gymnosperms, pines specifically can go from seed to seed in as little as one growing season less than one year. Answer: False In Equisetum , strobili are clustered and are located at the tip of the growing plant. Answer: True In angiosperms, the ovary develops into a. Answer: Fruit In bryophytes, fertilization takes places in the. Answer: archegonium In bryophytes, sperm must swim through water to reach the egg. Answer: True In ferns, spores give rise directly to. Answer: gametophytes Maize and rice are important food crops that are used to feed the world. These two plants are from the family. Answer: Poaceae

Modern agriculture was developed largely due to the characteristic of flowering plants that. Answer: produce fruit that contain seeds Monocots have a fibrous root system and Dicots/Eudicots have a taproot system. Answer: True Peas, lentils, and bluebonnets belong to the plant family. Answer: Fabaceae The fertile or reproductive parts of a flower are the: Answer: carpels and stamens The following characteristics all helped seedless plants become better-adapted to land except. Answer: no root system. The great height reached by some vascular plants was made possible by the evolution of the ability to synthesize lignin. Answer: True The prothallus of Polypodiopsida (“True Ferns”) is a part of the. Answer: heart-shaped gametophyte The spore bearing structures on the underside of fern leaves are called. Answer: Sori Which of the following are characteristics of mosses? Answer: All are characteristics Which of the following best describes plants of the family Poaceae? Answer: parallel veins in leaves Which of the following characteristics do mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share? Answer: lack vascular tissues, lack true leaves, and lack a true root system Which of the following is not common to all vascular plants? Answer: the development of seeds Which of the following plants is of the, Asterid Clade, family Asteraceae? Answer: Sunflower Which of these characteristics are shared by algae and vascular plants? Answer: chloroplasts that have chlorophyll

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BIOL 1311 FINAL Review

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