Ex1Spr22KEY (3)

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Feb 20, 2024

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Examination I: KEY VPHY 3100 Elements of Physiology February 4th, 2022 1:50 - 2:40 p.m. Multiple Choice (2.5 points each) FOR EACH QUESTION, CHOOSE THE SINGLE BEST ANSWER. 1. One-third of our total body water: A. is contained inside cells. B. is contained in the extracellular space. C. is contained within organelles. D. exists as interstitial fluid. E. exists as vascular fluid. 2. If glucose exists at two different concentrations inside & outside a cell, then: A. there is a chemical gradient for glucose across the membrane. B. there is an electrical gradient for glucose across the membrane. C. there is an electrochemical gradient for glucose across the membrane. D. the membrane is permeable to glucose. E. glucose is at equilibrium across the membrane. 3. Consider an open tank partitioned into two equal halves (0.5 L total volume on each side). In the left chamber is a 0.1 M (molar) MgCl 2 solution. In the right chamber is a 0.1 M (molar) glucose solution. The molecular weights of MgCl 2 and glucose are 95 g/mol and 180 g/mol, respectively. How many grams of MgCl 2 were combined with water in order to create 500 mL of the MgCl 2 solution? A. 2.8 grams B. 4.8 grams C. 9.0 grams D. 9.5 grams E. 18 grams 4. For Question #3, what is the osmolarity of the MgCl 2 solution? A. 0.1 OsM B. 0.2 OsM C. 0.3 OsM D. 0.4 OsM E. 0.5 OsM 5. Which statement is true for the initial conditions described in Question #3? A. The solution in the right tank is hypertonic compared to the solution in the left tank. B. The solution in the right tank is isotonic compared to the solution in the left tank. C. The solution in the right tank is hypotonic compared to the solution in the left tank. D. The solution in the right tank exerts a greater osmotic pressure than the solution in the left tank. E. Water is at equilibrium across the partition.

6. For Question #3, osmosis would occur if: A. the partition was permeable to magnesium ions and nothing else. B. the partition was permeable to chloride ions and nothing else. C. the partition was permeable to glucose molecules and nothing else. D. the partition was permeable to water and nothing else. E. there was a voltage difference across the membrane. 7. For Question #3, assume the partition is permeable to water but impermeable to magnesium, chloride, and glucose. Equilibrium will be reached: A. after the volume in the right tank increases. B. after there is net movement of water from the left tank to the right tank. C. when each tank contains a 0.2 OsM solution. D. both (B) and (C) E. all of the above 8. A calcium pump called "SERCA" exists within our endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. The actions of this pump help to keep cytosolic calcium concentrations very low and internal (lumenal) ER concentrations of calcium very high. For each transport cycle, this pump hydrolyzes one molecule of ATP and transports one calcium ion. Which of the following is true of this membrane transport protein? A. SERCA is a uniporter. B. SERCA is a channel. C. SERCA is a passive transporter. D. SERCA is a secondary active transporter. E. SERCA is a primary active transporter. 9. Based on the information given in Question #8, which of the following accurately describes the actions of SERCA? A. SERCA moves net positive charge from the lumen (inside) of the ER to the cytosol. B. SERCA moves net positive charge from the cytosol to the lumen (inside) of the ER. C. SERCA moves Ca 2+ ions against their chemical gradient. D. both (A) and (C) E. both (B) and (C) 10. In addition to SERCA (see Question #8), our ER membranes also house a different transport protein called the IP 3 -receptor. This integral membrane protein is a ligand-gated ion channel. Binding of IP 3 (on the cytosolic side of the receptor) causes the channel to open which then allows calcium ions to pass through its pore. The IP 3 -receptor is a __________; in the presence of cytosolic IP 3 this receptor would facilitate the net movement of Ca 2+ _________. A. passive transporter; from the ER lumen to the cytosol B. passive transporter; from the cytosol to the ER lumen C. secondary active transporter; from the ER lumen to the cytosol D. secondary active transporter; from cytosol to the ER lumen E. pump; from the cytosol to the ER lumen 11. Suppose we discovered a new ion, B 3+ , whose concentration gradient across our plasma membrane was seven times higher outside than inside the cell. What is the Nernst potential for B 3+ ? A. +17 mV B. -17 mV C. +51 mV D. -51 mV E. -70 mV

12. Assume a resting membrane potential of -70 mV. Based on Question #11, the _________ driving force acting on B would encourage B 3+ ions to move _________. A. chemical; out of the cell B. chemical; into the cell C. electrical; out of the cell D. electrochemical; out of the cell E. both (B) and (C) 13. If our plasma membranes were made suddenly permeable to B 3+ ions (Question #11), there would be net movement of B 3+ ions _________, and this would cause a _________. (Assume the cell was at rest prior to this increased permeability). A. out of the cell; repolarization B. out of the cell; depolarization C. out of the cell; hyperpolarization D. into the cell; depolarization E. into the cell; hyperpolarization 14. Interneurons: A. are found exclusively within the spinal cord. B. are afferent neurons. C. are glial cells. D. have relatively short axons. E. are bipolar neurons. 15. Sensory neurons are: A. multipolar neurons. B. bipolar neurons. C. pseudounipolar neurons. D. motor neurons. E. astrocytes. 16. Both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells _____, but only Schwann cells do so in the _____. A. create internodes; CNS B. create internodes; PNS C. provide energy to neurons; CNS D. provide energy to neurons; PNS 17. There are voltage-gated ion channels for: A. sodium. B. calcium. C. potassium. D. chloride. E. all of the above 18. The action potential: A. is an all-or-none event. B. is a stereotypical waveform. C. has a fixed amplitude. D. both (A) and (C) E. all of the above

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19. Threshold is: A. the minimal depolarization required to trigger an action potential. B. the undershoot of the action potential. C. the steep rising phase of the action potential. D. the diffusional driving force acting on potassium ions. E. a cable property of the axon. 20. Both gates of the fast sodium channel: A. are ligand-gated. B. change conformation in response to membrane depolarization. C. have a ball-and-chain structure. D. are located in the central pore of the channel. E. are open at resting membrane potential. 21. The voltage-gated potassium channel of the action potential is called “slow” because: A. potassium ions pass through the open channel more slowly than the “leaky” K channel. B. this channel opens & closes more slowly than the fast sodium channel. C. the current that flows through this open channel causes a hyperpolarization. D. both (A) and (B) E. all of the above 22. During the steep falling phase of the action potential: A. many sodium channels are opening. B. many sodium channels are inactivating. C. many potassium channels are opening. D. both (B) and (C) E. all of the above 23. The undershoot (hyperpolarizing phase) of the action potential is explained by: A. the closing of sodium channels. B. the presence of open “leaky” potassium channels. C. the slow kinetics of potassium channel closing. D. the absolute refractory period. E. the time necessary to reach threshold. 24. Saltatory conduction means that the action potential “jumps” from node to node down a myelinated axon. What this really means is that the initial __________ generated by an action potential at one node is pushed down the core of the axon to the next node, and this current provides the __________ needed to trigger the action potential at that next (neighboring) node. A. hyperpolarizing current; neurotransmitter B. depolarizing current; neurotransmitter C. inward sodium current; threshold D. outward sodium current; threshold

25. Increases in intracellular ________ are the trigger event necessary for rapid exocytosis of synaptic vesicles within a nerve terminal. A. ATP B. GTP C. nitric oxide D. neurotransmitter E. calcium 26. Nicotinic receptors __________, whereas muscarinic receptors __________. A. are ligand-gated ion channels; are coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins B. are metabotropic receptors; are ionotropic receptors C. always cause an IPSP when activated; always cause an EPSP when activated D. bind acetylcholine; bind glutamate E. bind glutamate; bind acetylcholine 27. The soma of a neuron must integrate all incoming synaptic input: A. spatially. B. temporally. C. from its various dendritic processes. D. all of the above E. none of the above 28. Which of the following is not part of the cerebrum? A. amygdala B. hippocampus C. thalamus D. basal ganglia E. occipital lobe 29. The brain stem includes: A. the midbrain. B. the pons. C. the medulla oblongata. D. all of the above E. none of the above 30. The central sulcus separates the __________ from the __________. A. frontal cortex; parietal cortex B. parietal cortex; occipital cortex C. occipital cortex; temporal cortex D. temporal cortex; frontal cortex E. temporal cortex; parietal cortex 31. The precentral gyrus of the left hemisphere: A. contains a somatotopic map that senses the right side of the body. B. contains a somatotopic map that senses the left side of the body. C. contains a motor map that helps to control the right side of the body. D. contains a motor map that helps to control the left side of the body.

32. Which of the following is true of the cerebral cortex? A. It is arranged into distinct cellular and functional layers. B. It contains no interneurons. C. Its projection neuron is called a Purkinje cell. D. Its projection neuron is inhibitory because it releases GABA from its nerve terminals. E. It is commonly referred to as “white matter”. 33. Which of the following statements about the central nervous system is not accurate? A. The corpus callosum is a major tract which allows for communication between the left and right hemispheres. B. The thalamus serves as a “relay center” for the descending fibers of the corticospinal tract. C. Most ascending & descending fibers cross over at either the medulla oblongata or the spinal cord. D. The left hemisphere is typically heavily involved in language processing. E. The parietal lobe is involved in processing somatosensory information. 34. Which of the following is true of the spinal cord? A. It includes central gray matter in the shape of an “H”. B. It contains tracts called funiculi. C. The axons of lower motor neurons exit the spinal cord via the dorsal horns. D. Both (A) and (B) E. All of the above 35. Which of the following structures participate in the control, planning, and/or execution of our voluntary skeletal muscle movements? A. cerebral cortex B. thalamus C. cerebellum D. basal ganglia E. all of the above 36. Which of the following is true of the late phase of LTP (long-term potentiation)? A. Post-synaptic AMPA-receptors are activated. B. Post-synaptic NMDA-receptors are activated. C. Transcriptional changes cause the production of new proteins and lipids. D. Both (A) and (B) E. All of the above 37. The NMDA-receptor is different from the nicotinic receptor in that: A. only the NMDA-receptor allows sodium ions to pass through its open pore. B. only the NMDA-receptor allows potassium ions to pass through its open pore. C. only the NMDA-receptor allows calcium ions to pass through its open pore. D. only the nicotinic receptor has a voltage gate. E. only the nicotinic receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor. 38. Which of the following is not a biogenic amine? A. acetylcholine B. serotonin C. norepinephrine D. dopamine E. epinephrine

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39. Which of the following observations lends support to the “biogenic amine hypothesis” of depression? A. Many of the neural connections between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex are mediated by dopamine, norepinephrine, and/or serotonin. B. Administration of MAOIs tends to exacerbate depressive symptoms. C. Administration of the anti-hypertensive drug reserpine tends to alleviate depressive symptoms. D. Both (A) and (C) E. All of the above 40. The mesolimbic pathway and nigrostriatal pathway are similar in that both: A. are heavily involved in motor control circuits. B. originate in the midbrain. C. are glutamatergic. D. are overactive in schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease, respectively. E. are underactive in schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease, respectively.

Ex1Spr22KEY (3)

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