Cockroach Lab Report

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Comparing Metabolic Rates of a Madagascar Hissing Cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa, When Exercising vs. No Exercise By: Jack Kallstrom

Introduction: Madagascar hissing roaches, Gromphadorhina portentosa , is a species of large roach native only to the African island of Madagascar. It belongs to the Phylum Arthropoda, Class Insecta, and the Order Blattaria. The cockroach has three distinct body regions, a head with numerous sensory organs, a thorax with three pairs of legs, and an abdomen which is further divided into numerous smaller segments. (Hadow, Sanchini, Lackner, DeJong, and Sandford, 2015.) Males and females can be told apart as the males have more pronounced tubercles, or bumps, on their head that resemble small horns. (Mulder, 2017.) The cockroaches do not breathe as humans do. Instead, they use a tracheal system with spiracles located on their sides and back to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. These spiracles are also what give rise to the hissing noise produced by the Madagascar hissing roach. When the roaches feel threatened, they will forcefully push air through a pair of modified abdominal spiracles that in turn produce the hissing noise. (Clark and Shanklin nd) It is the breathing, instead of the hissing that I am more interested in with the roaches though. I wanted to know whether exercise would have an impact on the CO 2 reproduction rates of a Madagascar hissing roach. I will take one Madagascar hissing roach and test its carbon dioxide reproduction rate when it is not exercising and after it has performed exercise. The carbon dioxide reproduction rate will be measured through the cockroach’s Standard Metabolic Rate. The comparison of the two metabolic rates measured through the two trials, measured in µmol CO2/s, combined with a statistical analysis will show if there is a significant difference between exercise and no exercise. Studying this can show us if roaches are like humans and other animals, in that they breathe heavier when exercising, which should be able to be detected by an increase in the SMR.

Exercise could have a substantial impact on respiration rates for cockroaches. When two cockroaches fight, the one with the bigger respiratory system seems to win (Hays, 2021), which would indicate they have a greater capacity for exercise. But what would happen if one cockroach was tested? I believe this is the same for the roach. Because of this, and the research that I have done, I am led to the hypothesis that the carbon dioxide reproduction rate, and in turn Standard Metabolic Rate, will be higher for the roach after it has performed exercise. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory experiment, the metabolic rate was and carbon dioxide production was measured by placing the selected roach into the testing chamber of a LI-Cor to an LI-6400 Portable Photosynthesis System. This system was calibrated prior to testing and measured the concentration of carbon dioxide in the testing chamber, compared it to the concentration in ambient air, then reported the difference between the two. I then recorded the carbon dioxide concentration produced by the roach at 20 five- second intervals with the help of my lab partner. The first condition being tested was the roach going through no exercise. For the first half of the experiment, I obtained a roach, determined its sex (male), then placed it in the chamber without any exercise, while making sure the cap was back on firmly. I allowed 3 minutes to pass before taking any measurements to allow the system to level out and get back to equilibrium. After the 3 minutes had passed, measurements of CO 2 . I then prepared the roach for the second test, which was exercise. After 5 minutes of rest, I put the roach on a walking circuit for 5 minutes so it could exercise. I sometimes had to prompt it with the eraser end of a pencil to make sure it kept moving. After this 5 minute was up, I immediately put the roach back in the testing chamber to order test the CO 2 output the same as I had for the no exercise test. When the 20 five-second intervals had elapsed, I took the roach out of the chamber and weighed it using a digital scale, making sure to convert

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that weight to grams. Lastly, I used Minitab to perform descriptive statistics and a 2 sample T test on the data that had been collected. Results: The exercise track that was used can be seen in Figure 1. Both trials for the experiment were performed completely the same except for the 5 minutes of exercise the roach went through before the beginning of the second trial. The results show, based on the µmol CO2/s of both tests, that the metabolic rate was higher for the roach after exercise compared to no exercise. When the data was run on Minitab, it produced a t-value, standard deviation and p-value. The t-value is called the test statistic. It compares the sample from the experiments to the null hypothesis. The higher the t-value, the higher the chance of confidence. On the other hand, the p-value is the probability value. This is used to measure how likely the experiment is to be repeated and if there is a significant difference between the two data sets. If the p-value is less than 0.005, then there is a significant difference in the two data sets. The Standard Deviation is how far apart data points are from each other when doing experiments.

Table 1. Measure of the Standard Metabolic Rate through Exercise or No-Exercise measured through the change in CO 2. 5 second Trials No Exercise SMR (µmol CO2/s) Exercise SMR (µmol CO2/s) 1 15.8 8.1 2 7.1 9.0 3 2.9 25.0 4 5.9 44.1 5 30.5 43.2 6 22.1 14.2 7 20.4 6.9 8 12.6 41.1 9 15.1 70.9 10 26.2 41.2 11 29.9 49.9 12 44.6 103.2 13 48.4 48.3 14 22.0 18.9 15 10.8 9.3 16 4.0 10.5 17 43.0 3.1 18 36.8 24.4

19 11.0 68.8 20 4.2 48.8 Table 2 shows the metabolic rate as measured with the µmol CO2/s rate produced by the cockroach in the two tests. As seen, the left column is with no exercise then the right column is after the roach was exercised for 5 minutes. The µmol CO2/s range from a low of 3.1 µmol CO2/s to a high of 103.2 µmol CO2/s for the exercise test and range from a low of 2.9 µmol CO2/s to a high of 48.8 µmol CO2/s with no exercise. Table 2: Descriptive Statistic of a Madagascar Hissing Roach Measured at Room Temperature Roach with no Exercise 7190 mg Roach with Exercise 7190 mg Mean 20.7 34.4 Standard Deviation 14.3 26.4 Table 1 above shows the mean µmol CO2/s produced by the roach in each test and the standard deviation from the mean for each test. As seen, the exercise test has a substantially higher mean but also has a considerably higher standard deviation. The weight, in milligrams, of the roach is also listed. The roach was weighed after the conclusion of the exercise test.

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Figure 1: The picture above is the track used to make the roach exercise. It was made by taping two- meter sticks down then placing slide boxes at each end as barriers. Discussion: My hypothesis for this experiment was that the standard metabolic rate would be higher in the trials where the cockroach went through exercise. After gathering the data and running the descriptive statistics in a 2 sample T-test in Minitab, I got a t-value of -2.05, a p-value of 0.049, and 38 degrees of freedom. Since the p-value was less than0.005, which shows there was a significant difference in the data sets, it can be said that my hypothesis was supported. The test where the roach was exercised has a clear difference in a higher metabolic rate produced, as measured in µmol CO 2 /s. There was a mean of 34.4 µmol CO 2 /s and standard deviation of 26.4 µmol CO 2 /s after exercising compared to a mean of metabolic rate of 20.7 µmol CO 2 /s and standard deviation of 14,3 µmol CO 2 /s with no exercise. Results for both tests could potentially be raised a little bit, as the cockroach I had was very agitated throughout the experiment and was continuously hissing whenever I attempted to handle it to put it in the chamber. Hissing and agitation can raise breathing and metabolic rates in cockroaches (Clark and Shanklin, n.d.), but since it happened before both tests, I don’t believe it affected the results that much. One way to see if it had affected the results would be to test a more docile cockroach in the same manner and see if the results were like what were collected with the more agitated roach. I still believe that the results would be the same based on the p-value that was produced by my experiment. More trials could also be performed to see if the differences between exercise and no exercise were held over a more extensive research period. If you repeated this test, I believe there would still be a significant difference between the two, showing that exercise has a higher metabolic rate since my p-value of 0.049 showed there was a significant difference between the two data sets, meaning that there is a significant difference between exercise and no-exercise. Works Cited:

Clark, & Shanklin, no date, Madagascar Hissing Cockroaches , University of Kentucky. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from Madagascar Hissin https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/madagascar- hissing- cockroaches-information-and-care.html g Cockroaches | Entomology (uky.edu) Hadow, Sanchini, Lackner, DeJong, and Sandford, 2015. Organismal and Ecologiacal Biology Laboratory . Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Hays, (2021), In Cockroach Fights, bet on the roach with the bigger respiratory system, Science News. Retrieved April 3, 2023 from In cockroach fights, bet on the roach with the bigger respiratory system - U https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/madagascar-hissing-cockroaches- information-and-care.html PI.com Mulder & Shufran. (2017), Madagascar Hissing Cockroaches: Information and Care , Oklahoma State University. Retrieved April 2, 2023 from https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/madagascar- hissing-cockroaches-information-and-care.html

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