Human Structure StudyGuide 2

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Study Guide Chapter 4 Choose the correct answer for each question. 1. An endocrine gland has: a) a duct b) no duct c) no secretion d) no blood supplies 2. An example of an exocrine gland is the: a) salivary gland b) thyroid gland c) pituitary gland d) adrenal gland 3. The type of epithelium in which the surface cells alternate from round to flat is: a) cuboidal b) columnar c) stratified squamous d) transitional 4. The type of connective tissue with a liquid matrix called plasma is: a) cartilage b) bone c) adipose d) blood 5. Axon, dendrite, and cell body are the three parts of: a) the brain b) nerve tissue c) a neuron d) the central nervous system 6. The type of connective tissue with a solid matrix made of calcium salts is: a) areolar b) bone c) cartilage d) fibrous 7. The type of muscle tissue also known as voluntary muscle is: a) smooth b) cardiac c) visceral d) skeletal 8. The membrane that lines the digestive tract is a: a) serous membrane c) mucous membrane b) synovial membrane d) fascia

9. The serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity is the: a) visceral pleura b) peritoneum c) parietal pleura d) mesentery 10. In the fallopian tube, an egg cell is moved toward the uterus by: a) ciliated epithelium b) striated muscle c) nerve tissue d) cuboidal epithelium 11. To increase their surface area for absorption, columnar cells in the small intestine have: a) microvilli b) cilia c) goblet cells d) ducts 12. The strong tissue that forms tendons and ligaments is: a) skeletal muscle b) fibrous connective tissue c) bone d) elastic connective tissue 13. The type of epithelium that makes up the outer layer of skin is: a) simple squamous b) stratified columnar c) stratified squamous d) simple columnar 14. The tissue that is thin enough to form capillaries and permit exchanges of materials is: a) smooth muscle b) areolar connective tissue c) elastic connective tissue d) simple squamous epithelium 15. The type of muscle tissue that produces a significant amount of body heat is: a) skeletal b) smooth c) cardiac d) visceral 16. Cardiac muscle is found in: a) the heart and arteries b) arteries only c) the heart only d) arteries, veins, and the heart

17. The membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord are the: a) visceral cranial membranes b) periosteum c) synovial membranes d) meninges 18. The space between two neurons where a neurotransmitter carries the impulse is called a: a) cell body b) matrix c) Schwann cell d) synapse 19. The unicellular glands that secrete mucus in the respiratory tract are: a) goblet cells b) endocrine glands c) microvilli d) serous glands 20. The tissue that transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body is: a) nerve tissue b) blood c) areolar connective tissue d) serous tissue 21. The type of muscle tissue that provides peristalsis in the intestines is: a) skeletal b) voluntary c) striated d) smooth 22. The type of connective tissue that stores excess energy in the form of fat is: a) fibrous b) cartilage c) elastic d) adipose 23. The membrane that lines a joint cavity and produces fluid is the _______________ membrane. a) mucous b) synovial c) serous d) pleural 24. The tissue in the wall of the trachea that keeps it open is: a) bone b) fibrous tissue c) cartilage d) areolar tissue 25. The type of connective tissue beneath mucous membranes that contains many white blood cells is: a) areolar b) fibrous c) elastic d) cartilage

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Each question is a series of statements concerning a topic in this chapter. Read each statement carefully and select all of the correct statements. 1. Which of the following statements are true of epithelial tissues? a) Cuboidal epithelium is found on the skin surface as dead cells. b) Simple squamous epithelium lines the heart; its smoothness prevents abnormal blood clotting. c) Transitional epithelium permits the lining of the urinary bladder to stretch. d) Stratified squamous epithelium forms the lining of the stomach. e) Columnar epithelium lines the small intestine and forms capillaries. f) Epithelial tissues have capillaries only if they are on an inner body surface. g) Both unicellular and multicellular glands are made of epithelial cells and tissues. h) The function of ciliated epithelium is to sweep materials across a surface. 2. Which of the following statements are true of connective tissues? a) Fibrous connective tissue forms ligaments that connect bone to bone. b) Adipose tissue is an important storage site for glycogen. c) Excess calcium is stored in bone tissue. d) The blood cells that contribute to clotting are the platelets. e) Areolar connective tissue is found subcutaneously and contains white blood cells. f) Elastic connective tissue enables the diaphragm to expand and contract. g) Blood plasma transports most nutrients and oxygen. h) Cartilage forms smooth surfaces on many joints. i) Brown fat is a heat-producing tissue. j) The major supporting tissue of the body is fibrous connective tissue. 3. Which of the following statements are true of muscle tissues? a) Arteries contain smooth muscle that contributes to maintaining blood pressure. b) Only skeletal muscle can be called voluntary muscle. c) Cardiac muscle must receive nerve impulses in order to contract. d) The iris of the eye has smooth muscle fibers that focus light rays on the retina. e) Cardiac muscle forms the walls of the chambers of the heart. f) A significant amount of body heat is produced by cardiac muscle. 4. Which of the following statements are true of nerve tissue? a) The electrical nerve impulse is carried by the neuron’s cell membrane. b) The myelin sheath assists impulse transmission across synapses. c) Neurotransmitters are produced by dendrites. d) The cell body of a neuron contains the nucleus. e) A synapse is the space between two axons. f) Schwann cells are found only in the peripheral nervous system. 5. Which of the following statements are true of membranes? a) The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. b) The visceral pleura covers the lungs. c) The periosteum is fibrous connective tissue that covers a bone. d) The heart has both serous and fibrous pericardial layers. e) The membrane that lines joint cavities is the synovial membrane. f) The peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity.

Chapter 5 Match the following parts of the dermis with their proper descriptions. Use each letter once. 1) Fibroblasts ______________________ 2) Collagen fibers ___________________ 3) Elastin fibers _____________________ 4) Papillary layer ____________________ 5) Hair follicles _____________________ 6) Nail follicles _____________________ 7) Sebaceous glands _________________ 8) Eccrine sweat glands _______________ 9) Apocrine sweat glands ______________ 10) Ceruminous glands _________________ 11) Receptors _______________________ A. Contains capillaries to nourish the stratum germinativum of the epidermis. B. Provide information about changes in the external environment. C. The protein that gives the dermis its strength D. Produce a lipid substance called sebum. E. The cells that produce collagen and elastin F. Mitosis at the root produces the hair shaft. G. Produce their secretion in times of stress or strong emotions. H. Produce their secretion during exercise or in a warm environment. I. Mitosis at the root produces the nail. J. The protein that gives the dermis elasticity K. Produce cerumen, or earwax a) The free nerve endings in the dermis are the receptors for the cutaneous senses of _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________. b) The encapsulated nerve endings in the dermis are the receptors for the cutaneous senses of _______________ and _______________. c) Explain why the skin of the palm is more sensitive to touch than the skin of the shoulder. 3. a) The ends of fingers and toes are protected from mechanical injury by _______________. b) Name the protein these structures are made of. _______________ 4. a) The secretion that prevents drying of the eardrum is _______________. b) The secretion that prevents drying of the skin and hair is _______________.

c) The secretion that helps lower body temperature is _______________. d) The secretion that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin is _______________. 5. a) One function of human hair is to keep dust out of the _______________ or _______________. b) Another function is to provide insulation from the cold for the _______________ (part of the body). c) Name the protein hair is made of. _______________ 6. In stressful situations, the _______________ in the dermis will constrict to shunt blood to more vital organs. 7. a) The vitamin formed in the skin is vitamin _______________, which is made from _______________ when the skin is exposed to _______________. b) The function of this vitamin is to promote the absorption of _______________ and _______________ in the small intestine. Subcutaneous Tissue The other name for subcutaneous tissue is the __________________________________________. 2. a) The subcutaneous tissue is located between the _______________ and the _______________. b) Name the two types of connective tissue in this layer. _______________ and _______________. 3. a) The areolar connective tissue contains many white blood cells that destroy _______________ that have entered _______________. b) Areolar connective tissue also contains mast cells that produce _______________ when tissue damage occurs; this substance contributes to the process of _______________. 4. a) The adipose tissue contains cells that are specialized to store _______________ as a source of potential _______________. b) State two other functions of subcutaneous fat. _______________ and _______________ BURNS 1. Match each type of burn with the proper description. 1) First-degree burn _________________ 2) Second-degree burn _______________ 3) Third-degree burn _________________ A. The skin is charred and may not be painful at first. B. The skin is painful but not blistered. C. The skin is painful and blistered.

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Multiple choice 1.The outer layer of the skin is the: a) papillary layer b) dermis c) subcutaneous tissue d) epidermis 2. The mechanism of heat loss that depends upon evaporation is: a) fat storage b) sweating c) vasodilation in the dermis d) vasoconstriction in the dermis 3. The protein in epidermal cells that makes the skin relatively waterproof is: a) keratin b) collagen c) melanin d) elastin 4. The tissue that stores fat in subcutaneous tissue is: a) adipose tissue c) areolar connective tissue b) fibrous connective tissue d) stratified squamous epithelium 5. The glands of the skin that are most concerned with the maintenance of body temperature are: a) apocrine b) eccrine c) sebaceous d) ceruminous 6. In the dermis, the receptors for pain are: a) encapsulated nerve endings b) axons c) free nerve endings d) Langerhans cells 7. Vitamin D is formed in the skin when the skin is exposed to: a) pressure b) friction c) stress d) ultraviolet rays 8. The layer of the dermis that contains capillaries to nourish the stratum germinativum of the epidermis is the: a) follicle layer b) papillary layer c) collagen layer d) subcutaneous layer

9. The part of a hair follicle that undergoes mitosis to form the hair is the: a) hair root b) hair shaft c) generative layer d) keratin portion 10. The part of the epidermis that undergoes mitosis is the: a) stratum corneum b) papillary layer c) stratum germinativum d) stratum melanin 11. The protein that protects inner living skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays is: a) keratin b) collagen c) elastin d) melanin 12. The layer of skin that, if unbroken, prevents the entry of most pathogens is the: a) stratum germinativum b) papillary layer c) stratum corneum d) collagen layer 13. The type of burn that is characterized by painful blisters is the: a) first-degree b) second-degree c) third-degree d) fourth-degree 14. Cells that increase their secretion when stimulated by ultraviolet rays are: a) fibroblasts b) Langerhans cells c) keratinocytes d) melanocytes 15. The secretion that prevents drying of the eardrum is: a) cerumen b) sebum c) sweat d) tissue fluid 16. At the ends of fingers and toes, nails are produced in structures called: a) fibroblasts b) nail glands c) follicles d) mitosis

17. Many white blood cells, which destroy pathogens that enter breaks in the skin, are found in the: a) adipose cells b) areolar connective tissue c) stratum corneum d) keratinized layer 18. The dermis is strong because of the presence of: a) keratin b) elastin fibers c) collagen fibers d) areolar connective tissue 19. For a person with extensive third-degree burns, serious potential problems are infection and: a) dehydration b) loss of tissue fluid c) both of these d) neither of these 20. Some human hair functions to keep dust out of the: a) nose and mouth b) eyes and mouth c) ears and mouth d) eyes and nose 21. All of the following are part of subcutaneous tissue except: a) areolar connective tissue b) keratin c) adipose tissue d) tissue fluid 22. The defensins produced in the epidermis provide protection against: a) pressure b) ultraviolet rays c) bacteria d) changes in temperature 23. In cold weather, the arterioles in the dermis will: a) constrict to conserve heat c) constrict to release heat b) dilate to conserve heat d) dilate to release heat 24. The cells that are able to pick up pathogens and transport them to lymph nodes are: a) keratinocytes b) fibroblasts c) melanocytes d) Langerhans cells

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25. In the subcutaneous tissue, histamine is produced by _______________ and contributes to the process of _______________. a) melanocytes/tanning c) fat cells/energy storage b) fibroblasts/collagen synthesis d) mast cells/inflammation MULTIPLE CHOICE Each question is a series of statements concerning a topic in this chapter. Read each statement carefully and select all of the correct statements. 1. Which of the following statements are true of the epidermis? a) It is made of stratified squamous epithelium. b) In the stratum germinativum, new cells are produced by the process of meiosis. c) The stratum corneum consists of many layers of dead cells. d) The protein of the stratum corneum is keratin. e) The stratum germinativum is an excellent barrier to pathogens. f) Langerhans cells phagocytize pathogens and produce antibodies to them. g) Melanocytes produce melanin when stimulated by fluorescent light. h) Vitamin D is produced here and then is part of the process of blood clotting. 2. Which of the following statements are true of the dermis? a) The arterioles constrict in cold weather in order to keep heat close to the body surface. b) The protein collagen provides strength. c) The papillary layer has capillaries to nourish the stratum corneum. d) Within a hair follicle, mitosis at the hair root produces the hair shaft. e) With aging, both collagen and elastin fibers break down and are not replaced. f) Many cutaneous receptors are located in the dermis. 3. Which of the following statements are true of the subcutaneous tissue? a) This layer is made of adipose tissue and fibrous connective tissue. b) This layer is between the dermis and the visceral muscles. c) Triglycerides are the energy storage form in adipocytes. d) White blood cells are present to intercept pathogens that enter breaks in the skin. e) Inflammation in this layer is a response to damage. f) This layer can vary considerably in thickness. 4. Which of the following statements are true of the accessory structures of the skin? a) Eccrine glands contribute to heat gain and heat loss. b) Drying and cracking of the skin are prevented by sebum. c) The eardrum is kept pliable by cerumen. d) The sensory receptors for pain and pressure are free nerve endings. e) Fingernails are useful for scratching and for picking up small objects. f) Both scalp and body hair provide thermal insulation.

Chapter 17 Regulation of Body Temperature 1. a) State the normal range of human body temperature in °F: _________________ to _________________, and in °C: _____________ to _________________. b) The average body temperature is _________________ °F or _________________ °C. 2. For which of the two age groups is temperature regulation not as precise as it is at other times during life? _________________ and _________________ HEAT PRODUCTION 1. a) Heat is produced as one of the energy products of the process of _________________. b) The other energy product of this process is _________________. 2. a) The hormone that is the most important regulator of energy production is _________________, produced by the _________________ gland. b) This hormone increases heat production by increasing the rate of _________________ within cells. 3. The hormone that increases the rate of cell respiration in stressful situations is _________________, produced by the _________________ (gland). 4. a) Active organs produce significant amounts of heat because they are constantly producing _________________ for their metabolic activities. b) The _________________ produce about 25% of the total body heat at rest because they are usually in a state of slight contraction called _________________. c) Because it has so many important and continuous functions, the _________________ produces about 20% of the total body heat at rest. d) Active organs do not “overheat” because the _________________ that circulates through them carries heat to cooler parts of the body. 5. When food is consumed, more heat is produced as the digestive organs produce more ATP for _________________ (name a process). 6. When a person has a fever, heat production _________________ (increases or decreases) because metabolic rate is faster at higher temperatures.

HEAT LOSS 1. a) The major pathway of heat loss from the body is by way of the _________________ because it covers the body surface. b) A secondary pathway of heat loss is by way of the _________________ tract as heat is lost in water vapor in exhaled air. c) Minor pathways of heat loss are by way of the _________________ and _________________ tracts because urine and feces are at body temperature when excreted. 2. a) The temperature of the skin influences how much heat will be lost by the related processes of _________________, _________________, and _________________. b) Of these three processes, the one that involves air currents moving warmer air away from the skin is _______. c) The processes of _________________ and _________________ both involve loss of heat to air or objects that touch the skin. d) For radiation and conduction to be effective heat loss mechanisms, the external environment must be _________________ than the body temperature. 3. a) The temperature of the skin is determined by the flow of _________________ through the skin. b) In the dermis, _________________ will increase blood flow and heat loss, while _________________ will decrease blood flow and help conserve heat. 4. a) In the process of sweating, excess body heat is lost as this heat _________________ the sweat on the skin surface. b) Sweat is secreted by _________________ sweat glands. c) Sweating is not efficient when the atmospheric humidity is _________________ but is efficient when the atmospheric humidity is _________________. d) State the potential disadvantage of excessive sweating. _________________ REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE 1. The part of the brain that may be likened to a thermostat and that regulates body temperature is the ____________________. 2. a) Specialized neurons in the hypothalamus detect changes in the temperature of the _________________ that circulates through the brain. b) The hypothalamus receives sensory information about the environmental temperature from the _________________ in the skin.

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3. Match each environmental situation with the proper responses brought about by the hypothalamus. Use each letter once. Each answer line will have three correct letters. 1) Cold environment _________________ 2) Warm environment _________________ A. Sweating increases B. Vasodilation in the dermis C. Muscle tone decreases to produce less heat. D. Vasoconstriction in the dermis E. Shivering may occur to produce more heat. F. Sweating decreases FEVER 1. A fever is an abnormally _________________ body temperature and is caused by substances called _________________ that raise the setting of the hypothalamic thermostat. 2. a) Pyrogens that come from outside the body include _________________ and _________________. b) Endogenous pyrogens are chemicals released during _________________. 3. a) When a pyrogen first affects the hypothalamus, the hypothalamic thermostat is reset _________________ (higher or lower), and the person feels _________________. b) To raise the body temperature to the setting of the hypothalamic thermostat, _________________ will occur. 4. a) When the pyrogen has been destroyed, the hypothalamic thermostat is reset _________________ (higher or lower), and the person feels _________________. b) At this time _________________ will occur to lower the body temperature. 5. A fever may be beneficial because the metabolism of some _________________ is inhibited by higher temperatures, and the activity of the person’s own _________________ is increased. 6. a) A very high fever may cause enzymes within cells to become denatured, which means they _________________, and as a result, cells may die. b) This has the most serious consequences in the _________________ (organ) because _________________ (cells) cannot reproduce to replace lost cells.

METABOLISM 1. The term for all of the reactions that take place within the body is _________________. 2. a) The term for breakdown (or decomposition) reactions is _________________. b) The term for synthesis (or building) reactions is _________________. c) Which of these types of reactions requires energy (ATP) to form bonds? _________________. d) Which of these types of reactions often releases energy that is used to synthesize ATP? _________________. e) The catalysts for many reactions in the body are specific proteins called _________________. 3. Complete the summary reaction of cell respiration: C6H12O6 (glucose) + _________________ → _________________ + H2O + _________________ + _________________ 4. The three stages of the cell respiration of a molecule of glucose are called _________________, _________________, and _________________. METABOLISM 1. The term for all of the reactions that take place within the body is _________________. 2. a) The term for breakdown (or decomposition) reactions is _________________. b) The term for synthesis (or building) reactions is _________________. c) Which of these types of reactions requires energy (ATP) to form bonds? _________________. d) Which of these types of reactions often releases energy that is used to synthesize ATP? _________________. e) The catalysts for many reactions in the body are specific proteins called _________________. 3. Complete the summary reaction of cell respiration: C6H12O6 (glucose) + _________________ → _________________ + H2O + _________________ + _________________ 4. The three stages of the cell respiration of a molecule of glucose are called _________________, _________________, and _________________.

Choose the correct answer for each question. 1. The hormone that is most important in the daily regulation of cell respiration is: a) insulin b) thyroxine c) epinephrine d) growth hormone 2. Heat is distributed from active organs to cooler parts of the body by: a) the liver b) blood c) lymph d) the kidneys 3. The average human body temperature in °F and °C is: a) 98.6°F / 37°C b) 97.6°F / 35°C c) 99.6°F / 39°C d) 97°F / 36.6°C 4. In a cold environment, the arterioles in the dermis will: a) dilate to conserve heat c) constrict to conserve heat b) dilate to lose heat d) constrict to lose heat 5. When sweating takes place, excess body heat is lost in the: a) osmosis of sweat b) secretion of sweat c) evaporation of sweat d) filtration of sweat 6. When the body is at rest, the skeletal muscles produce a significant amount of heat because of: a) oxygen debt b) forceful contractions c) lactic acid production d) muscle tone 7. From the respiratory tract, a small amount of heat is lost in: a) exhaled water vapor b) inhaled water vapor c) inhaled oxygen d) exhaled carbon dioxide

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8. The movement of air across the skin results in heat loss by the process of: a) conduction b) convection c) radiation d) evaporation 9. The part of the brain that regulates body temperature is the: a) cerebrum b) thalamus c) hypothalamus d) medulla 10. The body’s response to a warm environment includes all of these except: a) increased sweating c) vasodilation in the dermis b) decreased muscle tone d) increased muscle tone 11. Chemicals produced during inflammation that cause fevers are called: a) endogenous pyrogens c) exogenous pyrogens b) antibacterial pyrogens d) pyromaniac pyrogens 12. A fever may be beneficial because: a) WBCs may be inhibited c) RBCs are activated b) the growth of some pathogens may be inhibited d) RBCs are inhibited 13. The term for synthesis reactions is: a) metabolism b) catabolism c) anabolism d) metabolic rate 14. The Krebs cycle and the cytochrome (electron) transport system take place in which part of the cell? a) cytoplasm b) ribosomes c) nucleus d) mitochondria 15. The most important synthesis uses for glucose are: a) pentose sugars and glycogen c) fructose and pentose sugars b) glycogen and polysaccharides d) fructose and glycogen

16. The most important synthesis uses for amino acids are: a) essential amino acids and enzymes c) proteins and essential amino acids b) proteins and nonessential amino acids d) enzymes and phospholipids 17. Most of the ATP produced during cell respiration is produced during which stage? a) glycolysis b) Krebs cycle c) cytochrome (electron) transport system d) transamination 18. The carbon dioxide produced in cell respiration is produced in which stage? a) cytochrome (electron) transport system b) deamination c) glycolysis d) Krebs cycle 19. All of these vitamins are necessary for cell respiration except: a) niacin b) vitamin D c) riboflavin d) thiamine 20. The basal metabolic rate is the term for the body’s heat production when the body is: a) in a stressful situation b) at rest c) exercising strenuously d) performing light activity 21. In order to be used for energy production, amino acids may be changed to all of these except: a) acetyl groups b) glucose c) ketones d) fatty acids 22. In order to be used for energy production, fatty acids and glycerol may be changed to all of these except: a) ketones b) pyruvic acid c) acetyl groups d) glucose 23. In the cytochrome (electron) transport system, acidosis is prevented by the formation of: a) acetyl CoA b) CO2 c) oxygen d) water

24. A meal that consists of 20 grams of starch, 20 grams of protein, and 10 grams of fat has _________________calories. a) 220 b) 230 c) 240 d) 250 25. Vitamins can best be described as: a) building blocks of new tissue b) sources of energy c) a chemical form of stored energy d) chemicals often necessary for the functioning of enzymes

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