4a40966a-5070-460b-912f-d82a42e7abbc

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University of Texas, El Paso *

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4388

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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1. there are four categories of membrane receptors that promote signaling in the cells in our bodies get the different receptors have distinct functions within the cells which functions associated with which of the following receptors A. Receptor channels- chemicals or ligands bind to activate these receptors which leads to the movement of ions into the cell B. G protein coupled receptors- ligand binding leads to activation of either and the resultant downstream signaling events which include regulation of adenylyl cyclase C. Receptor enzyme- activation of this receptor promotes the phosphorylation of a substrate via an intracellular enzyme D. Integrin- these receptors bind to the extracellular matrix to alter the cytoskeleton inside the cell 2. George a 26-year-old man comes to your clinic he weighs 217.8 pounds (2.2lb/kg & 1kg wate=1L) after discussing George’s concern and understanding the relationship between total body weight and water Dr. Smith asks you to calculate his plasma volume since he would like to put charge on medication I need to use the plasma volume to calculate George’s glomerular filtration rate you calculate. - 4.95L 3. Larry is sitting in the Alamo theater eating his second bowl of popcorn and washing it down with a Coca-Cola which of the following physiological events requires energy input from ATP - opening of the potassium channels 4. Which of the following catecholamines promotes both so constriction went down to the alpha adrenergic receptors for Vasodilation went down to the beta adrenergic receptors - epinephrine 5. During signal transduction events which of the following events can promote the signaling event - activation of adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP 6. A seven-year-old child comes to the clinic when you’re volunteering with diarrhea the child has lost 2.2 pounds since last time he visited three days ago knowing that 1 KG= 2.2 pounds and assuming the loss was all fluid you realize that he lost approximately ___ML of fluid - 1000 7. Know nernst equation. 61/z log 8. After a long restful night Jenny gets up to start her day she notices that she is hungry and decides to go to the kitchen to find something to eat which of the following events is taking place in her pancreatic beta cells. - voltage gated Ca 2+ plus channels are closed 9. The 28-year-old man comes to clinic he weighs 220 pounds after discussing George’s concern in understanding the relationship between total body weight and water doctor

asks you to calculate his plasma volume since he would like to put George in medication I need to use the plasma volume to calculate George’s glomerular filtration rate - 5L 10. Working in a pharmacy in Saigon on a mission trip three people are rescued from a fishing boat and brought in with various ailments. The youngest two family members appear to be suffering from stress and trauma however their hydration status is normal and they are coherent the third patient who is 35-year-old male is complaining of dizziness cramps and thirst he has blood plasma sodium is 150mOsM (hypernatremic) potassium is 5.6mOsM (hyperkalemic) the most likely reason for his cramp is - His increased ECF ion concentrations will bring the membrane potential closer to threshold this would allow a stimulus that is normally sub threshold to induce an action potential to trigger a response in this case a contraction 11. Data channels are found on the surface of many cells which of the following cellular events can open membrane channels - a change in the membrane potential 12. Which of the following cellular consumer did 2 inch actively restores K+ to the intracellular fluid falling leak out of the cell to restore homeostasis - K+ leak channel 13. 16 month old Lonnie is visiting his pediatrician today he has a history of weight loss and problems breathing Lonnie has had problems with respiratory infections digesting his food and losing weight for the past five months today his breathing problems have reached the point that his mother just decided to bring him to the doctors office he culture is taking from his lungs to determine the cause of his breathing problems the mucus in his airway is abnormally thick and dehydrated in addition Loonie is found to have a defective CFTR which of the following medications would be prescribed to allow loonie need to extract the nutrition from his meals - pancreatic enzymes 14. Gerald hasn’t eaten since yesterday and his blood glucose levels are about 70mg/dL under these conditions to expect at the pancreatic beta cells will have - low levels of ATP open K+ channels close Ca2+ channels no fusion of membrane vesicles 15. A 14-year-old boy was admitted to local hospital after sudden loss of consciousness he underwent endotracheal intubation was referred to the main hospital the patient’s history revealed that he had voluntary inhaled butane gas the physical examination was consistent with, and cardiogenic shock in the chest radiograph showed pulmonary Adema the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit in the third hour of monitoring the patient underwent mechanical ventilation the doctors were able to hear air leak out of his chest due to a suspected hole in his trachea that is likely made when they inserted the tube to assist his breathing. Thoracic computed tomography scan findings were consistent with tracheal rupture. The patient was monitored conservatively without

surgery on the fifth day of hospitalization his tubes removed and he was discharged in this case his hole in his trachea was. - latogenic 16. If I will mail presents to the pediatric clinic his mother is concerned because although he has been eating a lot lately has been losing weight she explained that he has also at the bed several nights in a row although he has potty trained suspecting diabetes a physician my measure all of the following in his blood except - Na+ 17. Six month year-old George is visiting the clinic today he has a history of weight loss and problems breathing he’s had problems with respiratory infections digesting his food and losing weight for the past five months today his breathing problems have reached the point that his mother decided to bring him into the doctors office the culture is taken from his lungs to determine the cause of his breathing problems the mucus in his airway is abnormally thick and dehydrated in addition the mucus is found to contain a high level of Na ions. In contract Cl- ions in his sweat are low. Dr diagnosis a defect in the CFTR which normally promotes transport of which of the following ions out of the sweat and back across the membrane into the body - Na+, Cl- 18. During invasion of a hose by pathogen the pathogen is coated with antibodies in a process called opsonization which allows macrophages to Ingest the pathogen through a specific process called……. in which the membrane vesicles created by the cytoskeleton extend from the surface of the membrane to engulf the particle. - phagocytosis 19. Your 33-year-old cousin tells you that he has low levels of TSH and high levels of thyroxine as a result his physician has diagnosed him with Graves’ disease you respond - do you have a primary disorder of your thyroid gland to to an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies that bind your TSH receptor 20. In which form of diabetes are the insulin receptors least likely to be upregulated - type two diabetes 21. Following us a fear of stomach flu with excessive diarrhea and vomiting a 32-year-old woman presents to the emergency department her muscles are weak and she can barely stand. She has been putting sugar in her water and drinking in hopes of restoring her energy her serum potassium levels are 2.8mOsM (normal range 3.5–5.0 mOsM) and glucose levels are 95mg/dL (normal range is less than 100) she says that her heart is beating funny and upon escalation do you hear in a normal arrhythmia this is most likely due to - her potassium levels are low which decreases her resting membrane potential which reduces ability of the normal action potential to induce a heartbeat

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22. Is there aprecursor of signaling molecules that are made from phospholipase A2 digestion of membrane phospholipids - arachidonic acid 23. Although hormones in the blood come into contact with cells in the body only cells with…… are target cells - receptors for the hormone 24. In class we describe ephemeral which means short acting 25. Play most estimates the human body is composed of about 75 trillion cells a communicate via which of the following physical signals - Molecules that are secreted into the extracellular fluid - changes in the cell membrane potential 26. Receptors for Lipophobic steroid based Ligands Are localized to - all answers correct 27. Contacts depending signals is also known as - juxtacrine signaling 28. When gap junctions function to unite connexins on the channels between cells are open the single cell with multiple nuclei that forms is termed a - syncytium 29. Example of paracrine signaling is via…… which is released when you were bitten by a mosquito form a red raised wheal and start to inch - histamine 30. Some membrane ion channels are not associated with membrane receptors and function via all of the following mechanisms except - all of the answers are correct 31. Following activation some G protein coupled receptors that are linked to phospholipase C induce cleavage of phospphatidylinositol bisphosate to generate IP3 & DAG. IP3 can bind to receptors on the____ to induce release of intracellular Ca2+. - Endoplasmic reticulum. 32. Interferons, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, growth factors tumor necrosis factors and chemokines all belong to which of the following family is signaling molecules - type one diabetes mellitus 33. Peptide receptors are located on - the cell membrane 34. Opening of gap junctions allows for movement of all the following except

- mitochondria 35. Under homeostatic conditions our bodies use all of the following methods of cell to cell communication except - signaling via the post apoptotic cells to the dendrites 36. The___ is a true endocrine gland and produces a number of hormones such as prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone - anterior pituitary 37. Jordan has been playing tennis for years and 39 year old won several major tennis tournaments but just cannot get himself together he was also tired and felt hot all the time he noticed he had put on weight and contribute to weight gain to the increased exhaustion during his annual check up he mentioned his problem to his physician who found he had Graves’ disease and noticed that he had an enlarged thyroid gland in his neck which is called - goiter 40. Hormones connect differently when they were exposed to a different issues as an example when applied to a muscle and adipose tissues alter glucose transport proteins for glucose metabolism button deliver it modulate enzyme activity while having no effect on glucose transport proteins - insulin 41. Which of the following are antagonist to insulin - glucagon and growth hormone 42. Hormones connect differently when they’re exposed different tissues as an example when____ applied to the gallbladder causes it to contract well in the brain it functions as a neural modulator - cholecystokinin 43. George has been playing tennis for years the 39-year-old on several major tennis tournaments but cannot get himself together he was always tired and feel hot all the time he noticed he had put on way unattributed the way it came to the increased exhaustion during his annual check up he mentioned his problems to his Doctor Who found had Graves’ disease in the lab when we attempt to identify the causes of the illness we complete all of the following steps except - use plant extracts to figure out what plants can do to help 44. The ___ is a bed of capillaries that provide a means for the hypothalamus to send small amounts of hormone to the endocrine cells of the pituitary which induces the release of tropic hormones that can act on the primary tissues - hypothalamic/hypophyseal portal system

45. Passive transport across membrane uses ___ energy inherent in molecules and the ___ energy stored in concentration gradients - kinetic, potential 47. Releases packaged oxytocin and that’s a pressing when it is needed by the body - posterior pituitary 48. George has been playing tennis for years 39 year old won several major tennis tournaments but just cannot get himself together he was always tired and felt hot all the time he noticed he had put on weight and attributed to weight came to the increase exhaustion during his annual check up he mentioned his problem to his Doctor Who found it he had Graves’ disease the treatments for Graves’ disease include - drugs that prevent a thyroid gland from using iodine - Radioactive iodine - surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid Know melatonin structure

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4a40966a-5070-460b-912f-d82a42e7abbc

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