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Assignment 2
Questions 1.
State Newton’s three laws. Give an example that illustrates each of those three laws.
2.
How did Copernicus explain the retrograde motions of the planets?
3.
What are the three major functions of a telescope?
4.
Advertisements for home telescopes frequently give a magnification for the instrument. Is this a good criterion for evaluating such telescopes? Explain your answer.
5.
What are tidal forces?
6.
In the proton-proton chain, the mass of four protons is slightly greater the mass of a helium nucleus. Explain what happens to this “lost” mass.
7.
What visible evidence do we have that the sun has a convective zone?
8.
Using Wien’s law and Stefan-Boltzmann law, state the changes in colour and intensity that are observed as the temperature of a hot, glowing object increases.
9.
Name and describe five features of the active sun.
Answers Question 1
●
Newton's First Law, sometimes referred to as the law of inertia, states that, absent an external force, an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will continue to move. Consider
the scenario where your automobile abruptly stops. If you don't use a seatbelt, you'll continue to move. ●
According to Newton's Second Law, an object's force is equal to its mass times its acceleration, F = ma. For example, a heavy box will accelerate more quickly if you push it with more effort.
●
Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite response. For example, when you jump off a diving board, the force driving you upwards is equal to and opposite to the force pushing the diving board downwards.(Helmenstine, 2019)
Question 2
Copernicus proposed that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, which explained the planets' retrograde motions. Retrograde motion occurs when an outer planet overtakes and passes an inner planet, causing it to appear to move backward in the sky, according to his heliocentric model (
Copernicus and the Heliocentric Model
, n.d.).
Question 3
Light gathering, resolution, and magnification are the three major roles. These are the indicators of its effectiveness. All three are related to some extent, yet each has distinct qualities and limitations (
Main Functions of a Telescope
, n.d).
Question 4
While magnification is frequently highlighted in ads for home telescopes, Magnifying power is not an appropriate criterion for assessing telescopes. Maximum magnification telescopes merely increase image size without enhancing resolution. The image appears larger, but the magnification does not show any additional features. The image quality is determined by the optics (lens and mirrors), not the magnification power.(Gregoria, 2022)
Question 5
Tidal forces are gravitational forces between two objects, such as the Earth and the Moon. These forces generate a stretching effect, resulting in tides in Earth's bodies of water. Tidal pressures also cause phenomena such as tidal locking, in which the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth. (
Tidal Force
, 2023)
Question 6
When four protons combine to form a helium nucleus, a small amount of mass is turned into energy using
Einstein's famous equation, E=mc2. The Sun and other stars are powered by the emitted energy. As a result, the "lost" mass is turned into the energy that radiates from the Sun, allowing it to shine brightly. (Fraknoi, 2022) Question 7
Granulation is a phenomena that allows us to see traces of the Sun's convective zone. the grainy patterns on the surface of the Sun In the convective zone, those are the tops of convection cells. These cells carry heat from the Sun's core to the surface, giving granules their appearance. (
Convection
, n.d.) and (2022)
Question 8
As the temperature of a hot, glowing object rises, we can see some intriguing changes in color and intensity. According to Wien's rule, as the temperature rises, the peak wavelength of the object's emitted radiation moves towards shorter wavelengths. As the temperature rises, the color of the object may shift from red to orange, yellow, and finally blue. According to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, the total energy radiated by an item increases rapidly with temperature. As a result, as the temperature rises, the object brightens and emits more intense light. (
Using Wien’s Law and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law, Explain the Colo. . . | Filo
, 2021)
Question 9
When it comes to the active sun, we may see five distinct features:
1. Sunspots are dark, colder patches of the Sun's surface created by high magnetic activity.
2. Solar flares: These are quick, explosive bursts of energy released by the Sun, accompanied by powerful
bursts of radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum.
3. Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs): These are large eruptions of charged particles and magnetic fields from the Sun's corona that can disrupt the Earth's magnetic field and produce geomagnetic storms.
4. Plages: plages are bright patches of the chromosphere connected with magnetic fields emerging from the Sun.
5. Solar Filaments: These are black, elongated structures of plasma that appear as thread-like patterns on the Sun's surface.
These traits are all indicators of the Sun's dynamic activity, and understanding them helps us understand the complicated processes that are taking place. (
Name and Describe Seven Features of the Active Sun? - Answers
, n.d.)
Reference
Copernicus and the Heliocentric Model
. (n.d.). Teach Astronomy - Copernicus and the Heliocentric
Model. https://www.teachastronomy.com/textbook/The-Copernican-Revolution/Copernicus-and-the-
Heliocentric-Model/
Main functions of a telescope
. (n.d.). https://www.telescope-optics.net/functions.htm
Helmenstine, A. M. (2019, July 13). What Are Newton's Laws of Motion?
ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-newtons-laws-of-motion-608324
Gregoria, L. (2022, September 22). Telescope Specs Explained
. https://astronomysource.com/telescope-
specs-explained/
Tidal force
. (2023, November 12). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_force
Fraknoi, A. (2022, March 9). 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity - Astronomy 2e | OpenStax
. https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/16-2-mass-energy-and-the-theory-of-relativity
L. (2022, April 11). 15.1: The Structure and Composition of the Sun
. Physics LibreTexts. https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Astronomy_1e_(OpenStax)/15%3A_Th
e_Sun-_A_Garden-Variety_Star/15.01%3A_The_Structure_and_Composition_of_the_Sun
Convection
. (n.d.). https://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/explore/lessons/convection.html
Using Wien’s law and the Stefan-Boltzmann law, explain the colo. . . | Filo
. (2021, January 1). https://askfilo.com/user-question-answers-physics/using-wiens-law-and-the-stefan-boltzmann-law-
explain-the-36303933363831
Name and describe seven features of the active Sun? - Answers
. (n.d.). Answers. https://www.answers.com/movies-and-television/Name_and_describe_seven_features_of_the_active_Sun
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