kudu midterm 2
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Astronomy
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May 5, 2024
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11/15/2021 Kudu 6. Week 6 - Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, The Sun, Celestial Distances, Stars Please note the questions below can be edited and changed by your instructor. The printed version is NOT guaranteed to match the online version at a later stage. Homework Questions Q1 (1 points) The asteroid belt is found in the gap between which two planets? Select the correct answer O Venus and Earth () Mars and Jupiter O Jupiter and Saturn O Earth and Mars O Saturn and Uranus Q2 (1 points) What was the first asteroid to be discovered in 18017 Select the correct answer O Lutetia O Ida () Ceres O Vesta O Mathilde Q3 (1 points) How do we think Ceres is built? Select the correct answer O It has a metallic core, surrounded by some sort of liquid ocean and a rocky crust. O It has a metallic core surrounded by an icy mantle and a rocky crust. O It has no core but is mostly solid rock with a possibility of water below the surface. QO It has a rocky and metallic core surrounded by an icy mantle, a thin crust and a thin atmosphere. () It has a rocky core surrounded by a water mantle and a dusty crust. https://kudu.com 1/17
11/15/2021 Kudu Q4 (1 points) When talking about objects in the asteroid belt a “rubble pile” refers to what? Select the correct answer A region of the asteroid belt that could have formed an asteroid but was disrupted by gravity from Jupiter or another large body. O O A region with many small rocks thought to have been created when an asteroid was broken up by a large collision. () An asteroid made up of many separate pieces of rock and pebble held together by their collective gravity. Floating clouds of particles created by a non-asteroid body colliding with an asteroid and breaking apart into many pieces. O O Mounds of smaller pieces of rock and other material held on to a larger asteroid by its gravity. Q5 (1 points) What is currently our best model for how the asteroid belt was formed? Select the correct answer Most of the material currently found there was once a single planet which was torn apart and scattered by Jupiter’s tidal forces and collisions with bodies attracted by Jupiter’s gravitational pull. O After most of the solar system had already formed, larger masses from outside of the solar system were drawn in towards what is now the belt by the gravity of the newly formed planets, especially Jupiter. The asteroids were formed in the same way the planets began to form but were kept from growing larger by tidal forces QO from planets like Jupiter which grew more quickly because they were formed in more material dense areas of the solar system. Most of the asteroids were once moons orbiting Jupiter at a speed which the planets gravity could not hold on to indefinitely and they eventually escaped the planet at different times, spreading out into a belt. The material that is now in the belt was once many planetesimals kept from growing larger by tidal forces which were then broken apart into asteroids of different materials by collisions. Q6 (1 points) When a planet is in orbit around a star the gravity of the two bodies cancel out in five relatively stable points. These points are called... Select the correct answer O Newton points. O Stability points. O Near-orbit points. () Lagrange points. O Gravitational bowls. https://kudu.com 2/17
11/15/2021 Kudu Q7 (1 points) The nucleus of a comet is generally very different from an asteroid in that it... Select the correct answer () Contains more ice. QO Is more rocky QO Is generally more spherical QO Is usually made up of many smaller pieces. O Is much denser Q8 (1 points) How are the tails that generally trail away from a comet formed? Select the correct answer () Sublimating ice releases gas and dislodges dust from the comet’s nucleus. O Comets are generally more charged than other bodies and as a result capture solar wind. O Asthe comet passes by planets it pulls away part of the atmosphere with its gravity. O Comets are usually dense enough that they are able to gravitationally attract enough small particles to create a tail. O Wedo not know, it is simply part of the definition of a comet. If a comet did not have a tail it would simply be a meteor. Q9 (1 points) How do the directions of the two tails compare in a comet? Select the correct answer The directions of the two tails depends greatly on what part of the solar system the comet is moving through. The gas O tail generally points away from the Sun and the dust tail generally points towards the nearest planet (if there is a planet close enough to have an effect). o One tail is composed mainly of gas and is attracted by the Sun and as a result faces directly towards it. The dust trail follows the comet from behind but is slightly offset by the Sun’s gravity. o One tail is composed mainly of gas which becomes ionized and faces directly away from the sun while the other is made of dust and trails directly behind the comet. Both tails are attracted towards the Sun from their natural position behind the comet, but the dust tail has more mass O and feels a stronger pull. As a result the dust trail faces more towards the Sun and the gas trail faces more towards the back of the comet. o) One tail is composed mainly of gas which is ionized and always moves as far away as possible from the Sun. The other tail follows behind the comet but is slightly pushed away from the sun as well. https://kudu.com 3/17
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q10 (1 points) There are two types of comets, short period comets and long period comets. These two types are classified by what aspect of the comet? Select the correct answer O The size of the comet. O The region from which the comet originated. () The time-length of the comet’s orbit. O The comet’s distance from the sun. O The comet’s plane of orbit. Q11 (1 points) A comet that passes too close to the Sun and very quickly loses all of its mass is called... Select the correct answer O Asolar comet. O A comety. O Adead comet. O A trojan comet. () A sun-diver. Q12 (1 points) How are comets still around 4.5 billion years after the formation of the Sun? Select the correct answer Comets are constantly coming in and out of the solar system, so most of the comets we see today were formed near younger stars and travelled into our solar system. O The comets that still exist in our solar system pass through regions of icy material and dust during their orbit, picking up enough of it to replenish any material lost during their orbit. Comets only come close enough to the Sun to sublimate for a very short portion of their orbit, most of their orbit is in cold enough regions that they do not lose any material. The comets we see now are not the same that existed in the inner solar system billions of years ago. New ones are constantly brought in from repositories at the edge of the solar system. The rate of sublimation of the ice on most comets is so low that the comets can go on for extremely long periods of time, even in astronomical time lines. https://kudu.com 4/17
11/15/2021 Kudu Q13 (1 points) When the first detailed pictures were taken of a comet astronomers were surprised to find that the nucleus was as dark as asphalt. This is because... Select the correct answer () The reflective ice is buried beneath a thick layer of darker dust. O Not much sunlight can reach the regions where comets tend to orbit. (O The icy substances on comets form in crystallized patterns that do not reflect light well. (O The cameras on board the spacecraft used to take the photos were flawed. O All of the reflective ice on the comet was concentrated into one spot which was not visible by the camera. Q14 (1 points) How is the gas that makes up a comet'’s tail generally emitted from the nucleus? Select the correct answer O Itis emitted from dozens of tiny holes, usually on the side of the nucleus closest to the Sun. O No gas is emitted, all of the gas on a comet already exists in its tail. () Itis emitted in a few spots, seen as bright spots on the darker nucleus in pictures. O Gas is usually emitted from one somewhat large spot facing the Sun. O Itis slowly emitted over the entire surface, coming out too slowly to be seen in pictures. Q15 (1 points) What substance, now crucial to life on Earth, is thought to have maybe come from asteroid collisions earlier in the planet’s history? Select the correct answer () Water. O Large amounts of carbon. O Oxygen. QO Iron. O Methane. Q16 (1 points) Organic molecules including amino acids have been found in the coma of a comet, indicating that life on Earth may have oriains outside of the nlanet. https://kudu.com 5/17
11/15/2021 Kudu R~ R R el I DI SR I Select the correct answer ) True QO False Q17 (1 points) If an object entering Earth’s atmosphere is large enough to reach the surface it goes through three stages, first it passes through space, then it streaks through the atmosphere, and finally it impacts the Earth’s surface. What are the names, in that order, for the object at each stage? Select the correct answer O Meteor, meteoroid, meteorite. O Meteoroid, meteorite, meteor. O Meteorite, meteoroid, meteor. () Meteoroid, meteor, meteorite. O Meteor, meteorite, meteoroid. Q18 (1 points) What causes the bright streaks we often refer to as shooting stars? Select the correct answer O Solar wind showing through the atmosphere in concentrated spots. QO Light from small or distant stars briefly becoming much hotter due to a huge explosion on its surface. () Superheated gas in the atmosphere that has been compressed by small objects at high speeds. QO Light from the fire of burning objects in the atmosphere heated and evaporated by friction. QO Light from the Sun reflected off of small objects in Earth’s orbit. Q19 (1 points) About how large are most meteors that hit the Earth’s atmosphere? Select the correct answer () Smaller than a grain of sand. O About one meter across. O About the size of a grapefruit. O One or two centimeters across. https://kudu.com 6/17
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11/15/2021 Kudu QO Five to ten meters across. Q20 (1 points) What is the radiant in a meteor shower? Select the correct answer () The point in the sky where the meteors come from. O The comet that the meteors originated from. O The constellation where the meteors seem to come from. O The general region where the meteors appear. O The apparent length of the bright streaks left by the meteors. Q21 (1 points) When is the best time to view a meteor shower? Select the correct answer (O Just as the Sun is beginning to rise. (O Just after midnight. O About an hour before sunrise. O Just after sunset. QO Just before midnight. Q22 (1 points) Where does the material that causes meteor showers usually come from? Select the correct answer O Dust from collisions on Mercury and Venus. O Clouds of material from younger solar systems. (O Dust clouds from the asteroid belt. M Small meteare that rallided with laraar anac https://kudu.com 7117
11/15/2021 Kudu N WHHITUI TV LV LT WIS VYT TU Yl VI, () Dead comets. Q23 (1 points) How big was the meteor that struck near Chelyabinsk Russia in 2013? Select the correct answer O About the size of a grapefruit. O 7 meters across. () 19 meters across. O 1 kilometer across. O 100 meters across. Q24 (1 points) What methods do we currently have of protecting us from a catastrophic meteor strike like that which killed the dinosaurs? Select the correct answer QO Striking the meteor with a space probe. QO Putting a huge trampoline on the expected impact spot to bounce the meteor back into space. O Blowing up the meteor with nuclear weapons. () We do not currently have any tested methods to protect us from such an impact. QO Pulling the meteor away with gravity. Q25 (1 points) What extremely powerful physical process generates the energy that powers the Sun at its core? Select the correct answer QO Fission O Combustion O Chemical reaction () Fusion O Adhesion NnNo (1 ~ninta) https://kudu.com 8/17
11/15/2021 Kudu (P40 L pUNIWL) Einstein’s famous equation £ = mc? gives the relationship between _____ _ and ___ : Select the correct answer () Mass and energy O Mass and entropy O Time and space O Velocity and mass O Mass and time Q27 (1 points) Through what process is the heat generated at the Sun’s core transferred to the outer layers of the Sun? Select the correct answer O Radiation O Advection O Microwaving () Convection O Conduction Q28 (1 points) Because of the intense heat and density of the Sun most of the atoms that make it up are stripped of their atoms and exist as positively charged ions. As a result the state of matter of the Sun is best described as... Select the correct answer O Corona O Granula O None of these. 7\ Dlacma https://kudu.com 9/17
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11/15/2021 Kudu \.J ! 1aoaina O Gas Q29 (1 points) Because of the constant motion of the Sun and the charged particles that make it up the Sun generates a... Select the correct answer QO Electric field O Solar wind O Magnetic current () Magnetic field O Corona Q30 (1 points) Tangled up magnetic fields on the surface of the Sun can keep cooled plasma from sinking back down into deeper layers of the Sun. This is the cause of what phenomenon? Select the correct answer () Sunspots O None of these. O Solar flares O CMEs O Solar wind Q31 (1 points) When magnetic fields get tangled up they store a tremendous amount of energy. When this energy is released it often causes a large explosion, sending enormous amounts of energy into space at the speed of light. These explosions are called... Select the correct answer O Sunspots () Solar flares O CMEs O Solar wind O None of these https://kudu.com 10/17
11/15/2021 Kudu Q32 (1 points) The particles from strong solar storms are powerful enough to destroy Earth's satellite communications, and cause other damage that could take years to recover from. Select the correct answer O False ) True Q33 (1 points) Nuclear fusion inside the Sun fuses _______ hydrogen nucleiintoone ______ nucleus. Select the correct answer O 6, Carbon () 4, Helium O 3, Water O 8, Oxygen O 3, Lithium Q34 (1 points) About how big is the Sun relative to the Earth. Select the correct answer O About 100 times as big (in diameter) and 1 million times as massive. O About 10 times as big (in diameter) and 10 times as massive. () About 100 times as big (in diameter) and 300 thousand times as massive. O About 1000 times as big, (in diameter) but similar in mass because it is all a gas. O About 10 times as big (in diameter) and 300 times as massive. Q35 (1 points) Why is mass converted to energy in a fusion reaction? Select the correct answer O Protons in helium have less charge than in hydrogen. () The protons and neutrons in a helium nucleus are held together more tightly than in a hydrogen nucleus. ) Helium is less reactive than hvdroaen. https://kudu.com 11/17
11/15/2021 Kudu R R I R T TR RIS B i i O Two of the protons disappear and are turned completely into energy. Q36 (1 points) What evidence of convection is visible on the surface of the Sun? Select the correct answer () Granules. O Sunspots. O Bubbles. O Solar Flares. Q37 (1 points) How was the size of the Earth first estimated? Select the correct answer QO Calculations using known distances and the change in elevation between them. Calculations based on the distance to the horizon from sea level compared to the distance to the horizon from the top of a mountain of a given altitude. O Calculations based on the change in gravitational force from the top of a building of a known high to the bottom of the building. Calculations based on the difference in the angular position of the Sun in different cities a known distance away from each other. (O Calculations based on the distance to the horizon as seen from the ocean. Q38 (1 points) Because of the way our eyes work, about how far are we able to judge distances using only the naked eye? Select the correct answer O Up to 500 meters away. https://kudu.com 12/17
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11/15/2021 Kudu O Up to 50 meters away. O Up to 1000 meters away. () Upto 100 meters away. O Up to 250 meters away. Q39 (1 points) Our depth perception and measurements of astronomical distances are both done using what? Select the correct answer () Parallax O Spectroscopic parallax O Angles of perception O Baselines QO Peripheral imagery Q40 (1 points) What do we call the distance travelled by light in one year? Select the correct answer O An astronomical unit O Aparsec () Alight year O ACygni O An astrological unit Q41 (1 points) About how many kilometers are in an astronomical unit? Select the correct answer (> 150,000,000 O 100,000,000 O 50,000,000 O 75,000,000 O 125,000,000 https://kudu.com 13/17
11/15/2021 Kudu Q42 (1 points) What method was used to make our most accurate measurement of the astronomical unit (though later measurements were more accurate)? Select the correct answer (O Measuring the time it took for a space probe to pass near the Sun. O Measuring the wavelengths of light emitted by the Sun. () Measuring the time it took for light sent to Venus to bounce back and reach Earth. O Measuring the redshift of light from the Sun. O Measuring the angle between the Moon and Sun at third quarter. Q43 (1 points) What is the baseline we use to calculate the distance of stars to the Earth? Select the correct answer O The diameter of the Earth. O The radius of the Earth () Two astronomical units. O One astronomical unit. (O The distance between whatever two telescopes are being used. Q44 (1 points) What is spectroscopic parallax? Select the correct answer O Measuring the distance of a star by comparing images of it from different ends of Earth’s orbit and using geometry. () Measuring the distance of a star by comparing it to stars of the same type and known distance. O A measurement of angle which can be used to find distances or sizes depending on what other information is available. An instrument that is used to gather data on light and, when attached to a telescope, can be used to gauge astronomical distances. O Measuring the distance of a star by measuring the wavelengths of light it emits. https://kudu.com 14/17
11/15/2021 Kudu Q45 (1 points) Who was the first person to calculate the size of the Earth? Select the correct answer QO Aristarchus O Newton O Galileo () Eratosthenes QO Aristotle Q46 (1 points) Why are there dark lines in the spectrum of light emitted by stars? Select the correct answer () Some wavelengths of light are absorbed by the elements in the star’s outer atmosphere. O Certain wavelengths of light are not powerful enough to travel all the way from their source to Earth. O Stars can only emit light at the wavelengths allowed for by the elements contained within the star’s core. (O Stars only emit a noticeable amount of light at wavelengths determined largely by their temperature. O Certain wavelengths are blocked from reaching us by nearby blackbody radiation. Q47 (1 points) What was the first basis on which stars were classified? Select the correct answer (O The wavelengths of light emitted by the star. O The star’s size () The strength of the star’s hydrogen lines. O The star’s brightness M\ Tha otare dictan~n +A Earth https://kudu.com 15/17
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11/15/2021 Kudu \J/ 11T 21al 5 Jioualive tvu Lalll. Q48 (1 points) Using today’s classification of stars, the hottest stars would be classified as ___ stars. Select the correct answer OG OB O A Oo0 OF Q49 (1 points) Cooler stars emit more light at shorter wavelengths while hotter stars emit more light at longer wavelengths. Select the correct answer O True () False Q50 (1 points) Why do we not see any green stars in the night sky? Select the correct answer () Stars that emit a lot of green light also emit other colors, making them look white. O We do see green stars but they are masked by the light of other stars. (O Green stars are not bright enough for their light to reach Earth. O Green light is reflected more easily than other kinds of light by our atmosphere. (O There are no natural elements that emit green light. Q51 (1 points) Why does the Sun appear yellow to us? Select the correct answer O Our eyes are more receptive to yellow light than to other colors. https://kudu.com 16/17
11/15/2021 Kudu O Bluer wavelengths of light are absorbed by the oceans, making the remaining light more yellow. () Bluer wavelengths are scattered by the atmosphere so the remaining light is more yellow. O Elements in the Sun’s atmosphere absorb much of its blue light before it reaches Earth. O The Sun’s peak wavelength is a yellow one. Q52 (1 points) What is a star’s luminosity? Select the correct answer O The peak light wavelengths emitted by the star. () The total amount of energy put out by the star each second in watts. O The brightness of a star as we see it from Earth. O The range of light wavelengths put out by the star. O The intrinsic brightness of a star, correcting for size differences. https://kudu.com 17/17
11/15/2021 Kudu 4. Week 4: Solar System 1 - Overview, Earth, Moon, and Tides Please note the questions below can be edited and changed by your instructor. The printed version is NOT guaranteed to match the online version at a later stage. Homework Questions Q1 (1 points) The rocky or terrestrial planets of the solar system are located... Select the correct answer QO farther from the Sun than most of the gaseous planets, with the exception of Neptune. () nearest to the Sun. O randomly, with neither gaseous planets or the more solid planets being inherently closer to the Sun. QO in between the gas giants. QO farthest from the Sun. Q2 (1 points) Where are most of the asteroids in our solar system located? Select the correct answer O Inthe “asteroid belt” between Earth and Mars. () In the “asteroid belt” between Mars and Jupiter. O Inthe “Kuiper belt”, between Earth and Mars. O They are dispersed fairly randomly in the solar system, although they tend to be closer to the Sun. QO In the “Kuiper belt”, beyond the orbit of Neptune. Q3 (1 points) What distinguishes the orbit of Pluto from that of the eight major planets of the Solar System? Select the correct answer O The orbit is a perfect circle. () It does not lie in the same plane as the others. O The orbit is a parabola, indicating that Pluto is slowly escaping from the Solar System. O The orbit is tilted by 90 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. O Although Pluto's orbit lies in the same plane, the planet moves in the opposite direction around its oribit. https://kudu.com 1/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q4 (1 points) Our current model of the formation of the Solar System is strongly supported by the fact that... Select the correct answer () the orbits of most objects in the solar system lie in the same plane and most planets rotate in the same direction. O the rockier planets are located farther from the sun than the other planets. QO there are relatively few planets in our solar system. QO the sun does not make up the majority of the mass in the solar system. (O objects in our solar system follow a strict distribution in size. Q5 (1 points) According to the law of angular momentum, what happens to a spinning object as its size decreases? Select the correct answer O The total mass of the object decreases. O It becomes more flat, creating a dense mass in the shape of a pancake. O Nothing, the only effect of a decrease in size is that it becomes smaller. () It spins more quickly. O It spins more slowly. Q6 (1 points) A planetesimal refers to... Select the correct answer O A scientific instrument used in studying the origins of the solar system. O A small clump of mass that is the first stage of a star. () A small clump of mass that is the first stage of a planet. O A small clump of mass that is the first stage of a comet. O An object that could have become a planet, but for one reason or another did not. https://kudu.com 2/13
11/15/2021 Kudu Q7 (1 points) The material that now composes the asteroid belt most likely did not combine to form planets due to... Select the correct answer O Inadequate heat and pressure conditions. O Not enough solid material being present. O Having a higher angular momentum than the rest of the solar system. () Tidal forces from Jupiter. O The immense gravity of the Sun. Q8 (1 points) Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus were able to become much larger than the rockier planets such as Earth and Mars because... Select the correct answer o They are located farther from the Sun and as a result have a longer orbit which would give them more time to sweep through more material in the cloud of the early solar system. For the inner solar system there was too much material and too many collisions which broke up large objects before they could reach the size of the larger planets like Jupiter. They are farther from the Sun, which allowed them to form ice as well as rock and metal from a large area, creating a larger mass which allowed for them to hold on to light gases such as hydrogen. o They are located farther from the Sun which blew most of the lighter gases like hydrogen and helium away from it in the explosion, allowing the farther planets to collect these gases into large atmospheres. They are located closer to the center of the solar system where the cloud was denser and as a result were able to collect more material before the creation of the Sun. Q9 (1 points) Many icy objects similar to Pluto lie in the outer part of the Solar System beyond 40 AU. Select the correct answer ) True O False Q10 (1 points) Objects in the Kuiper Belt differ from others in the Solar System in that their orbits... Select the correct answer O follow a more circular path, as opposed to the elliptical orbit of the planets. ~~ - .l - . https://kudu.com 3/13
11/15/2021 Kudu (_) can stray more rrom tnhe 1lat plane that the planets sit In. QO are stagnant, meaning they do not move around the Sun but instead sit in about the same place. O lie in a different plane from the rest of the solar system, diagonally oriented relative to the ecliptic. Q11 (1 points) Objects in the Oort cloud follow orbits similar to that of the Kuiper Belt, extending slightly above and below the plane of the rest of the Solar System. Select the correct answer () False O True Q12 (1 points) How is the mass of the solar system distributed among the Sun, the planets, and the smaller objects. Select the correct answer O The Sun has about 90% of the total mass. The planets and random material have about 5% each. QO ltistoo hard to calculate the mass of the random objects to give a definitive answer. The Sun has over 99% of the total mass. The planets have most of the remaining mass. In spite of how many there are, the random objects have a tiny fraction of the total mass. O O All three components have about the same mass. Q13 (1 points) Why does the interior of the Earth continue to be so hot, billions of years after it was first created? Select the correct answer O The radioactive decay of elements such as uranium. O Primoridal heat from the squeezing pressure of the gravity that created the planet. QO Viscous heating of friction from convection in the Earth's mantle. () Both primordial heat and radioactive decay. Q14 (1 points) The mantle of the Earth is solid on a short time scale, such as the lifespan of a human, but over longer periods of time it can shift, as though it were a liquid. This behavior is called... https://kudu.com 4/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu Select the correct answer O The dense liquid phenomenon. () Plastic behavior. O Semi-solid movement O Plasmic behavior. O Magmatic behavior. Q15 (1 points) Hawaii, a popular tourist destination as well as a chain of volcanic islands, was created by... Select the correct answer () Slowly rising magma pushed up by a hot spot in the Earth’s mantle as the crust slowly moved over it. The slow movements of multiple separate islands into one central location, pushed by the crust as the mantle beneath it moved towards a hot spot. O O Volcanic eruptions that occurred over a particularly straight seam between two tectonic plates. O The separation of a coastal mountain range from a larger continent driven by continental drift. Q16 (1 points) Although it is hotter than the liquid outer core, the pressure at the inner core of the Earth is so great that it remains a solid. Select the correct answer QO False O True Q17 (1 points) Why does the Earth have such a strong magnetic field? Select the correct answer o Most modern scientists believe friction between large metal pieces in the creation of the Earth magnetized them, creating a magnetic field that remains today. o Convective flow of material in the conductive outer core magnetized the ends of the Earth’s solid inner core, creating a dipole that generates the magnetic field. ~ The spin of the inner core within the outer core creates an electric current between them that causes a magnetic field in https://kudu.com 5/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu Y the Earth's atmosphere. Convective flow of the outer core coupled with the Earth’s rotation creates a movement of charge that generates an O electric current, and therefore a magnetic field. The materials naturally found in abundance at the North pole have a very different magnetic potential than those at the O South pole. Q18 (1 points) What key role does the ozone layer in particular play in protecting life on Earth? Select the correct answer o It absorbs UV radiation which would otherwise disrupt many biological processes if allowed through to the surface in larger amounts. O It concentrates certain wavelengths of light such that plants can use them to create food through photosynthesis. O It holds in crucial heat that would otherwise be lost to space at night, keeping most lifeforms from freezing to death. O It deflects dangerous charged particles from the Sun that would otherwise disrupt various natural processes. It retains the water beneath it, allowing the water cycle that occurs on Earth to continue and keeping us from dying of drought. O Q19 (1 points) Approximately what percentage of the Earth’s water came from comets that crashed into it early in its planetary history? Select the correct answer O 70% O 50% O 5% () We do not know O 99% Q20 (1 points) The Earth’'s atmosphere is mostly composed of : , and with the most prevalent of the three being ______. Select the correct answer O Nitrogen, oxygen and ozone. Nitrogen O 0zone, oxygen, and water. Ozone () Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Nitrogen O Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Oxygen N A~ 1 . ~ https://kudu.com 6/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu (U Uzone, oxygen, and water. Uxygen Q21 (1 points) The weight of the atmosphere creates a great deal of pressure on the surface of the Earth, but the internal pressure of our bodies counteracts it such that we cannot feel it. Select the correct answer O False O True Q22 (1 points) The greenhouse effect refers to... Select the correct answer () The way in which water and carbon dioxide warm and moderate the Earth's surface temperature. O The protective influence of the Earth’s magnetic field on the life on the surface. O The way that atmospheric pressure holds liquid water on the Earth, allowing plants to grow. O Rising water levels caused by the melting of glaciers. O The effect the ozone has on the overall temperature of the Earth. Q23 (1 points) Continental crust is and than oceanic crust. Select the correct answer () Thicker, less dense O About the same as O Thicker, denser O Thinner, less dense https://kudu.com 7/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu O Thinner, denser Q24 (1 points) Most of the water in Earth’s atmosphere is Select the correct answer (O There is very little water in Earth’s atmosphere. QO Fairly evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere. O Inthe upper atmosphere where it protects the Earth from dangerous levels of IR radiation. () Near the surface in a dynamical system with the oceans that causes weather. Q25 (1 points) One side of the moon is always facing towards the Earth, while the other side is always facing away. Select the correct answer O False O True Q26 (1 points) In what way do the two sides of the moon's surface differ from each other? Select the correct answer O There is no significant difference between the two sides of the moon. O One side is completely flat, the other varies in its surfaces. O One side has active volcanoes, the other does not. () One side is much thicker and also more cratered than the other. O One side is much thicker than the other. Q27 (1 points) Our best theory of how the moon was formed is that... Select the correct answer O It was captured early in Earth’s history by the Earth’s larger gravitational pull. O The Moon and Earth formed separately to begin with in the early stages of the formation of the solar system. Early in the Earth’s history when it was less stable as a planet a large volcanic eruption separated large chunks of the planet from the main body. These combined to form the Moon. O _1 — https://kudu.com 8/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu O | he karth used to have many moons, much like Jupiter, but they coalesced Into one larger moon the way we see It today. The early Earth was struck by a large object which knocked a great deal of debris into the atmosphere which then combined to form the Moon. Q28 (1 points) Because of the Moon illusion, the moon appearstobe _____ when it is near the horizon, even though it is actually Select the correct answer O The same size, smaller. O Bigger, smaller O Smaller, bigger O Smaller, the same size () Bigger, the same size. Q29 (1 points) Unlike the Earth, the Moon doesn’t have a layered structure and is primarily made of the same material down to the core, with the core only slightly warmer than the rest due to pressure. Select the correct answer O True () False Q30 (1 points) The youngest rocks found on the surface of the moon are still much older than most of the rocks found on Earth. Select the correct answer O Troe O False Q31 (1 points) Because the physical structure of the Moon it does not have the same plate tectonics as the Earth, and as a result the Moon has never had any volcanic activity or mountain ranges. Select the correct answer () False O True 032 (1 points) https://kudu.com 9/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu —_— - — While it was previously thought that no water existed on the Moon, recent observations have confirmed that it does in fact exist there in the form of ice, specifically in what location? Select the correct answer () At the bottoms of deep craters where it is sheltered from the Sun. O Rills near the surface thought to have been originally created by lava flow. O Scattered all over the surface in the openings of porous Moon rocks. QO Buried far beneath the surface in underground caverns. O Inicebergs formed near the tops of highlands on the far side of the Moon. Q33 (1 points) The younger rocks on the Moon are found in the maria, dated to about ___ years old. Comparatively, rocks collected from the highlands have been dated to about __ years old. Select the correct answer O 3-3.5billion, 7 billion. O 1-2billion. 3.5 billion O 800-900 million, 4 billion. () 3-3.5 billion, 4 billion. O 4 billion, 7 billion. Q34 (1 points) The surface of the moon is covered by many different kinds of craters, but most impact craters were later covered up by volcanic craters while the moon was still young and hot. As a result most craters now on the moon are volcanic. Select the correct answer () False O True Q35 (1 points) The Moon is Select the correct answer () The largest moon relative to its planet. (O The largest moon in the solar system. O The only moon in the solar system. https://kudu.com 10/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu O A fairly small moon. Q36 (1 points) Why does the Moon show more craters than Earth? Select the correct answer () The Earth's atmosphere and active core protect Earth from impactors and erode evidence of previous impacts. O The Moon sweeps around the Earth protecting it from meteors. O The Moon's lower gravity cannot deflect impactors as well. O The Moon has a thicker crust than the Earth. Q37 (1 points) The Moon has a structure similar to Earth's but its , and , are thicker and its is completely solid. Select the correct answer O Core, crust, mantle O Core, mantle, crust () Mantle, crust, core Q38 (1 points) What object causes the Earth's tides? Select the correct answer O Both, but the Sun’s effect is about twice as big. () Both but the Moon'’s effect is about twice as big. O The Sun O The Moon Q39 (1 points) Which object would experience the strongest tidal forces Select the correct answer O A mountain https://kudu.com 11/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu O A person O Atall building () Aplanet Q40 (1 points) Why do tides only affect water. Select the correct answer O The oxygen in water links to the magnetic field in the gravity. () The tides affect everything, but it can be seen more on the water because it is free to move. (O The Earth only feels its own gravity. Q41 (1 points) Why is there a high tide near the Moon? Select the correct answer O The Earth slows in this position, causing the water to pile up. O Were-orcas stop to howl at it. () The Moon's gravity is stronger there than the average on the Earth so the water bulges up to get closer. O The Moon's gravity is weaker there than the average on the Earth so the water moves away. Q42 (1 points) Why is there a high tide opposite the Moon? Select the correct answer O Were-orcas hide from the Sun here. () The Moon's gravity is weaker there than the average on the Earth so the water moves away. (O The Earth slows in this position, causing the water to pile up. O The Moon's gravity is stronger there than the average on the Earth so the water bulges up to get closer. https://kudu.com 12/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q43 (1 points) Generally, how many high and low tides are there each day? Select the correct answer O 4high and 4 low O 3highand 1 low O 1highand1 low (O 2high and 2 low Q44 (1 points) During what Moon phases do we see the largest tides? Select the correct answer QO First and third quarter () New and Full O It depends on the month. O Any crescent moon. O Any gibbous moon. Q45 (1 points) Which of the following is NOT an effect of the tides? Select the correct answer O They slow the Earth'’s rotation. O They keep the same side of the Moon toward Earth at all times. O They push the Moon farther away from the Earth. () They create monstrous tsunami that can destroy small towns. Q46 (1 points) Why don’t we notice tidal effects on ourselves. Select the correct answer O It does, that's why you are taller when you are standing than when you are sitting. () Gravitation doesn’t change much over the size of a person. O Tides only affect fluids. QO Tides only affect planets. https://kudu.com 13/13
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11/15/2021 Kudu 5. Week 5: Solar System Continued - Terrestrial Planets, Jovian Planets, Pluto, Dwarf Planets, Kuiper Belt Please note the questions below can be edited and changed by your instructor. The printed version is NOT guaranteed to match the online version at a later stage. Homework Questions Q1 (1 points) Most of the knowledge we have of Mercury now comes from... Select the correct answer O Observations made by modern telescopes. (O Observations made by astronauts from the ISS. () Probes sent to observe the planet as they pass near it. O Meteorites found to have originated from collisions on the surface of Mercury. O Carefully charted observations made by classical astronomers like Giovanni Zupi. Q2 (1 points) Why is it so difficult for us on the surface of the Earth to observe Mercury, even when it is visible with the naked eye? Select the correct answer O None of the above. It only appears through the thickest part of our atmosphere near the horizon, forcing the light from the planet to become blurred before we can see it. O It moves extremely quickly through its orbit, blurring it as it goes like a speeding car in a photograph. O It is always close to the Sun, so the bright light from the star makes it nearly impossible to see the less bright planet. O It has a very thick, dense atmosphere which obscures the surface of the planet from distant viewing. https://kudu.com 1/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q3 (1 points) After careful observations of Mercury were made in 1965 what relationship was found between the planet’s orbit and rotation? Select the correct answer There is, surprisingly, no relationship between the two. Mercury is not significantly locked at all by tidal forces and rotates relatively freely. O o They have a 2:3 time ratio, where each year on Mercury (one revolution around the Sun) is about % the time of its sidereal day (one rotation on its axis). O They are locked, like the Moon it takes Mercury just as long to rotate as it does to orbit the Sun. They do not currently have any significant ratio, but the rate of Mercury’s rotation seems to be slowing down, and we believe it will one day be locked with its orbit. O They have a 2:3 time ratio, where each sidereal day on Mercury (one rotation on its axis) is about % the time of its year (one revolution around the Sun). O Q4 (1 points) Water on Mercury can be found
....
Select the correct answer O Vaporized in the atmosphere. () Frozen at the bottom of craters near the poles. (O Deep beneath the planet’s surface in underground caverns. O None of the above, water cannot survive at common Mercury temperatures. Q5 (1 points) Rupes, or lobate scarps refer to what phenomena on Mercury? Select the correct answer O Large mountain ranges formed by long extinct plate tectonics. (O The long thin tail that follows the planets orbit. O The strong light shows created by the planet’s magnetic field coupled with its proximity to the Sun. () Folds in the planet’s crust formed when the core and mantle shrank under the crust. Q6 (1 points) When Venus passes directly between the Earth and the Sun, obscuring part of the Sun, it is called a... Select the correct answer () Transit. O Solar eclipse. https://kudu.com 2/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu O Spotted Sun. O Transport. O Planetary eclipse. Q7 (1 points) In the 18th century a transit of Venus was used to make a relatively accurate measurement of what? Select the correct answer O The size of the planets. () The distance between the planets and the Sun. O The size of Venus. O The relative orbits of the planets. O The size of the Sun. Q8 (1 points) When is the best time to view Venus from the Earth? Select the correct answer O Right after sunrise or just before sunset. O During a lunar eclipse. O Late at night, halfway between sunrise and sunset. O In the late evening, when the Sun is about to set. () Right after sunset or right before sunrise. Q9 (1 points) Why is it that Venus is so hot compared to the other planets? Select the correct answer (O Because of its extremely symmetrical features. O Alack of a magnetic field makes it so the Sun heats it more easily. O The abundance of hot gas and magma caused by the planets unstable interior. https://kudu.com 3/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu () The greenhouse effect of its atmosphere. QO ltis closer to the Sun. Q10 (1 points) How big is Venus compared to Earth and Mercury? Select the correct answer QO Itis much larger than Mercury and about 120% the size of Earth. QO Itis much larger than Mercury but only slightly larger than Earth. O Itis smaller than Mercury but slightly larger than Earth. () Itis much larger than Mercury but slightly smaller than Earth. O Itis smaller than both Earth and Mercury. Q11 (1 points) Venus is even brighter than it would normally be expected given its size and proximity to Earth. Why is this? Select the correct answer QO Itis usually viewed close to when the Sun is going to rise or set, allowing for more direct sunlight to reflect off of it. O Much of the planet’s surface is covered in extremely reflective metal. QO ltis so hot that it generates some of its own light, in addition to reflecting light from the Sun. There is no magnetic field on Venus, so the light from the Sun is not interrupted as it passes through the atmosphere and reflects more easily. There is an abundance of sulfur dioxide on Venus, allowing for extremely reflective clouds of sulfuric acid to form in its atmosphere. Q12 (1 points) Venus is so bright it can sometimes even be seen with the naked eye during the day time. Select the correct answer O False O True Q13 (1 points) Venus's lack of a magnetic field is most likely due to what other odd aspect of the planet? Select the correct answer (O The planet has a rotation opposite that of Earth. https://kudu.com 4/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu O The harsh chemicals that exist in clouds in the planet’s atmosphere. () The planet has practically no rotation. O The planet has its North and South poles flipped. O The metal on the planet is fairly evenly distributed, rather than being concentrated at the core. Q14 (1 points) Venus has no plate tectonics, however there is still strong evidence of volcanic activity near the surface of the planet. Select the correct answer O Troe O False Q15 (1 points) We know very little about the interior of Venus, however we expect that it has layering similar to what other body? Select the correct answer O Neptune O The Sun () Earth O The Moon O Mercury Q16 (1 points) Because of Venus’s high surface temperatures and lack of tectonic motion it has features unique to the planet, they are very wide and short and are called... Select the correct answer () Pancake domes. O Lava seas. O Venusian mountains. O Lake volcanos. O Super-volcanos. https://kudu.com 5/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q17 (1 points) While most of the surface of Venus is extremely hot the poles are very cold, which allows snow to form on the tops of polar mountains there. Select the correct answer O True () False Q18 (1 points) How big is Mars compared to Earth? Select the correct answer O Its diameter is about % that of Earth's. QO It has about half of the mass of Earth. () It has a diameter about half that of Earth'’s. O It has about one third of the mass of the Earth. O ltis only slightly smaller than Earth. Q19 (1 points) Why is Mars called the red planet? Select the correct answer With the naked eye Mars can only be viewed through the thickest part of our atmosphere, distorting its coloring and making it appear red to us. Its surface is covered in rust and basaltic rock, making it appear red from Earth. Its surface is abundant with red clay, and red clay dust which makes the planet appear red from Earth. The name comes from Greek and Roman mythology, as it is named after the Roman god of war. The planet does not actually appear red. Its atmosphere doesn’t allow non-red wavelengths of visible light through, making it appear red from Earth. Q20 (1 points) The northern and southern hemispheres of Mars are very different. What is the current explanation for this discrepancy? Select the correct answer o A large meteor or comet struck Mars and deposited a great deal of water onto one half of the planet which eroded away much of the landscape. The atmosphere left the planet more quickly from one half than the other, causing life there to either migrate to the other side or die much earlier. O https://kudu.com 6/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu A huge collision left a depression on one side of the planet which filled with lava and cooled to form a smoother surface. O O Alarge volcanic explosion occurred on one side of the planet, making that side inhospitable and covering it with lava. O One side of the planet used to be much more volcanically active than the other, pushing up many hills and mountains. Q21 (1 points) Using the model that assumes there were once plate tectonics on Mars, what is thought to have formed the Tharsis bulge? Select the correct answer A hot spot in the planet’s mantle pushed out the crust in this area, similar to how we think the Hawaiian islands were formed. O The bulge was once on the edge of two tectonic plates. One was pushed up by the other as it sank into the mantle, creating the bulge. O A very strong collision occurred near that spot, opening up the crust to the mantle and allowing lava to flow up and cover the area, cooling to form the bulge. O O A fairly large collision that carved a ravine in the landscape and then pushed up the crust into the Tharsis bulge. A fairly large, but slow collision occurred, leaving behind much of the foreign mass after the collision which then eroded into the bulge as we see it today. O Q22 (1 points) What is Valles Marineris and what is the most likely explanation for how it was formed? Select the correct answer A huge crack in the crust, much larger than the grand canyon. It is thought to have been formed by water flow when the planet still had liquid water. O An ancient ocean bed on the surface of Mars. It is thought to have been created by the crater of a large collision where lava flowed up and gave it the flat base seen today. A huge crack in the crust, larger than the grand canyon. It is thought to have been formed as a radial crack as a result of the creation of the Tharsis Bulge. O A gigantic mountain range, thought to have been formed on a tectonic fault line when such things were still active on Mars. O O The largest volcano in the solar system. It is thought to have been formed by a hot spot beneath the planet’s crust. Q23 (1 points) Near Mars’s poles there are frozen ice caps, made up primarily of _____, and covered by ______in the winter. Select the correct answer O Dry ice, highly condensed dust particles. https://kudu.com 719
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11/15/2021 Kudu O Dry ice, water ice. O Water ice, highly condensed dust particles. () Water ice, dry ice. O Supercooled rock, dry ice. Q24 (1 points) What happens to the top layer of Mars’s polar ice caps in the martian summer? Select the correct answer It sublimates into the atmosphere close to and immediately around it, creating huge clouds of gas at the poles which are only visible half of the time. O It sublimates into carbon dioxide gas and creates huge wind storms throughout the planet as it rapidly enters the atmosphere. A small part of it evaporates into the atmosphere but for the most part the poles on Mars are unaffected by the time of year. It melts and sinks down into the lower layer before freezing again and mixing the two layers. This process is reversed in the winter when the less dense layer slowly moves back up to the top. It is melted into a liquid, causing it to flow down to lower altitudes before evaporating and becoming part of the atmosphere. Q25 (1 points) Ice found at the martian poles can sometimes be upset and cause huge avalanches, which have even been seen from space, and are most likely caused by the sublimation of carbon dioxide. Select the correct answer O Troe O False Q26 (1 points) How many moons does Mars have? Select the correct answer O None O Dozens Oe O 3 https://kudu.com 8/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu O 5 Q27 (1 points) By mass, how much larger than the Earth is Jupiter? Select the correct answer O 11 times bigger O 50 times bigger () 300 times bigger O 1000 times bigger O 500 times bigger Q28 (1 points) Compared to the other planets how fast is Jupiter’s rotation? Select the correct answer QO Jupiter has the slowest rotation of the planets. O Jupiter has a slower than average rotation speed. () Jupiter has the fastest rotation of the planets. QO Jupiter has a faster than average rotation speed. O Jupiter has a fairly average speed of rotation. Q29 (1 points) When referring to the different colored areas of Jupiter, the darker stripes are called ______ while the lighter stripes are called Select the correct answer O Zones, bands. () Bands, zones. O Bandes, stripes. O Regions, zones. O Zones, regions. Q30 (1 points) https://kudu.com 9/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu Rather than a mantle, Jupiter has a huge region composed of what? Select the correct answer O Cold and extremely dense liquid hydrogen. O A solid layer of crystallized hydrogen and helium. O We do not know much about this layer, only that it is mostly hydrogen. O Athick soup of denser gases such as ammonia and methane. () Afairly unique state of hydrogen called liquid metallic hydrogen. Q31 (1 points) In what way does Jupiter affect events in the inner solar system? Select the correct answer Its strong magnetic field attracts solar wind, helping to protect the atmospheres of smaller planets with weaker magnetic fields. O The storms that occur in its atmosphere are strong enough to send small particles flying out into space, which create meteor showers when they reach other planets like Earth. Because it is still cooling, it gives off enough heat that if it were not there, we in the inner solar system would see a noticeable change in climate. Its extreme mass gives it a very large gravitational pull which warps the paths of comets, asteroids, and other objects which can both cause and prevent collisions with planets. Q32 (1 points) How does the mass of Saturn compare to that of Jupiter? Select the correct answer O Saturn is slightly more massive than Jupiter. O Saturn has about the same mass as Jupiter. O Saturn has about half the mass of Jupiter. () Saturn has about %5 the mass of Jupiter. O Saturn is % as massive as Jupiter. https://kudu.com 10/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q33 (1 points) Relative to Earth, how massive is Uranus? Select the correct answer (O Uranus is about twice as massive as Earth. O Uranus is about the same mass as Earth. O Uranus is about %5 as massive as Earth. () Uranus is about 15 times as massive as Earth. O Uranus is about 10 times as massive as Earth. Q34 (1 points) Based on what we know what is our current model for the layers of Uranus? Select the correct answer O They are similar to Earth’s, with two layers of core, a mantle, and a crust. () It has a small rocky core, a thick “icy” mantle, and a thick atmosphere of mostly hydrogen and helium. There is a very dense, rocky core and a thick mantle that transitions from liquid to gaseous hydrogen, helium, methane, and phosphorous O It has a thick, dense core that makes up most of the planet, a mantle of liquid hydrogen, helium, and methane, and an atmosphere similar to those of the gas giants. They are similar to those of Jupiter, with a dense core, a mantle of metallic hydrogen, and a thick atmosphere that is a mixture of liquid and gas. Q35 (1 points) When talking about the outer solar system, what substances does the term "ice" refer to? Select the correct answer O Water in any phase. https://kudu.com 11/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu () Water, methane, and nitrogen. O Frozen water. O Any substance in a cold solid form. O Water, ammonia, and methane. Q36 (1 points) Because part of Uranus is so dense, its pressure is high enough that it can turn methane into what? Select the correct answer O Gasoline O Carbon nanotubes O Crystallized methane () Diamonds O Butane Q37 (1 points) Neptune is smaller than Uranus in size, but also noticeably more massive. Select the correct answer O False O True Q38 (1 points) What was unique about the discovery of Neptune? Select the correct answer () It was discovered through mathematical prediction. O It was discovered using a telescope outside of Earth’'s atmosphere. O It was discovered without any sort of computational technology. O It was not discovered by Galileo. O It was discovered as a result of its gravitational interactions with Jupiter. Q39 (1 points) The galilean moons are large enough that they could actually be seen with the naked eye. Select the correct answer O Troe https://kudu.com 12/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu O False Q4O (1 points) How many official moons does Jupiter have? Select the correct answer O &7 O 132 O 4 O Hundreds O 12 Q41 (1 points) Callisto’s core is believed to be made of what material? Select the correct answer O lce () Rock O Metal O Metal and rock O None of the above Q42 (1 points) How are the surface features on Europa thought to have been formed? Select the correct answer (O Liquid water welling up to the moon's surface to move and reform the crust. O Violent volcanic activity driven by tidal flexing from Jupiter’s other moons. QO Collisions with other bodies that are made more prevalent by the moons icy surface. O A combination of rising magma and water on different parts of Europa. O Magma rising up slowly from below the moon’s surface and covering the existing crust. https://kudu.com 13/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q43 (1 points) Why is the water below Europa’s surface able to remain liquid? Select the correct answer It is just far enough from the Sun that surface water is solid but below the surface it is warm enough to be liquid, like a frozen lake in the winter. () Internal heat due to strong tidal flexing of Europa caused by Jupiter. O ltis heated by a magma filled core. O A high number of high energy collisions caused by Jupiter’s intense gravitational pull. O The moon's proximity to hotter bodies like Jupiter and lo heat its surface as they pass near Europa. Q44 (1 points) All four of the Galilean moons are tidally locked to Jupiter. True or false? Select the correct answer O True QO False Q45 (1 points) What are the rings of Saturn mostly composed of? Select the correct answer O Captured solar wind. O About half ice and half rockier elements. () Nearly pure ice. O Extremely cold liquid hydrogen and helium. O Small rocks and dust particles. https://kudu.com 14/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q46 (1 points) The Cassini division between two of Saturn’s rings is thought to be caused by what? Select the correct answer The different rings were formed by different larger objects that were torn apart by collisions and gravity, in what is now the Cassini division there was no larger body and as a result a ring never formed there. O When the rings were formed some of the particles moved much faster than the others and as a result they were thrown farther from Saturn, with the distance they covered now being the Cassini division. When the rings were formed one of Saturn’s moons orbited in the same plane as the rings, removing material from what is now the Cassini division with its gravitational pull. A collision with a large body dispersed much of the material in what is now the division, what material was left was pulled into one of the other rings by gravity. The gravitational pull of Saturn’'s moon Mimas slowly pulled most of the material out from what is now the Cassini division due to its orbiting position. Q47 (1 points) When Saturn’s moons orbit at an incline to the rings it can pull the particles of the rings out of their usual plane in large vertical oscillations. Select the correct answer O True O False Q48 (1 points) The second largest moon in the solar system, larger than Mercury and only slightly smaller than Mars, orbits Saturn and is called... Select the correct answer O Ganymede (O Titan O Mimas O Pandora O Prometheus M AN fa s\ https://kudu.com 15/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu u4ay (I points) On Saturn's moon Enceladus there is evidence of cryovolcanoes which spew what material? Select the correct answer (O Phosphorous O Nitrogen O Methane O Lava () Salty water Q50 (1 points) The existence of these cryovolcanoes in addition to measurements of the moon’s magnetic field have led us to believe what about the moon? Select the correct answer O It has a very thin atmosphere. () There is a liquid water ocean beneath its crust. O It has a dense metallic core. QO It has a very fast rotation. O Its surface is extremely icy. Q51 (1 points) Like some of Jupiter's moons, several moons around Saturn have a retrograde orbit, meaning that... Select the correct answer O Their orbit is outside the plane that other moons orbit in. () They orbit in the opposite direction than most other moons. QO Their orbit is very circular. O Their orbit is very elliptical. O They orbit with a speed that varies more than other moons. Q52 (1 points) Most of the icy objects in the solar system are located in what region? Select the correct answer https://kudu.com 16/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu O Between Earth and Mars O They are fairly evenly distributed throughout the solar system. O Between Mars and Jupiter () Beyond Neptune O Orbiting the ice giants. Q53 (1 points) According to the model described in question three, how were the outer planets affected by smaller icy bodies in the early solar system? Select the correct answer () They were pulled either closer to or farther from the Sun. O Their orbits were greatly elongated, making them more elliptical. O Their rotation speed was accelerated to the speeds they now spin at. O Their orbits were accelerated to the speeds they now revolve at. O Their atmospheres were disrupted, giving them the storms we now see in them. Q54 (1 points) While most large bodies in the solar system were affected by icy bodies early in the history of the solar system, which body was the most affected? Select the correct answer () Neptune O The Sun O Jupiter O Earth O Ceres https://kudu.com 17/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q55 (1 points) Short period comets tend to originate in what region? Select the correct answer O The Kuiper belt. O The area immediately around Neptune and its orbit. O The Oort cloud. () The scattered disk. O The asteroid belt. Q56 (1 points) Long period comets tend to originate in what region? Select the correct answer O The Kuiper belt. O The scattered disk. O The asteroid belt. () The Oort cloud. O The area immediately around Neptune and its orbit. Q57 (1 points) Why was Pluto originally thought to be much larger than it actually is? Select the correct answer (O Because it has rings which looked like part of the planet through early telescopes. O Because it orbits the Sun much like a planet does. O Because Neptune’s orbit appeared to be more altered by Pluto’s gravity than it actually is. O Because it has several moons. () Because it is much brighter than other objects its size. Q58 (1 points) https://kudu.com 18/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu The large size of Pluto’s moon Charon has what effect on Pluto’s motion? (This was part of why Pluto was eventually declassified as a planet) Select the correct answer O Pluto has a much more elliptical orbit than the planets. O Pluto’s orbit is periodically thrown well outside its normal path by huge gravitational swings from Charon. QO Pluto’s other moons orbit in a figure eight shape that passes between Pluto and Charon. (O Pluto’s rotation has been completely stopped by Charon'’s tidal forces. () Pluto orbits their center of mass, which lies outside of the planet itself. Q59 (1 points) A spacecraft recently passed Pluto in 2015 and is now passing through the farther reaches of our solar system, sending us new information as it goes. What is the name of this spacecraft? Select the correct answer O The Trans-Solar Orbiter O Apollo 12 () New Horizons O Expanding Reaches O Voyager Q60 Which of the following is true of the KBO Eris? Select the correct answer QO Its orbit brings it up to 140 billion km from the Sun. O It follows an orbit nearly perpendicular to the plane of the planets. QO Itis thought to be mostly composed of ice. QO ltis shaped like a peanut. () Itis more massive than Pluto. https://kudu.com (1 points) 19/19
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11/15/2021 Kudu 7. Week 7 - HR Diagram, Star Formation, Low-Mass Stellar Evolution Please note the questions below can be edited and changed by your instructor. The printed version is NOT guaranteed to match the online version at a later stage. Homework Questions Q1 (1 points) What is the general shape of an HR diagram? Select the correct answer O A broken line from the upper left to the lower right with clusters at either end of the line. O Arelatively straight line from the upper right to the lower left with clusters at either end of the line. O A relatively straight line from the upper right to the lower left with clusters in the upper left and lower right. O Arelatively straight line from the upper left to the lower right with a small cluster in the upper right. () Arelatively straight line from the upper left to the lower right with clusters in the upper right and lower left. Q2 (1 points) What is the name for stars that are very hot but also very dim? Select the correct answer O Red giants. () White dwarfs. O Brown dwarfs O Blue microstars. O Red supergiants. Q3 (1 points) What is the name for the line in the HR diagram that is composed of the data from most stars we see? Select the correct answer O The Hertzsprung diagonal. () The main sequence. O The major diagonal. O The diagonal cluster. O The cluster separator. https://kudu.com /11
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q4 (1 points) Where would one most likely find a star that is in the early stage of dying on a HR diagram? Select the correct answer () In the upper right corner. O Inthe middle of the diagonal line. O Inthe lower right corner. QO Inthe lower left corner. O Inthe upper left corner. Q5 (1 points) Over the course of a star’s lifetime its location on an HR diagram will change. On average, how much of a star’s lifetime is spent such that it would be plotted on or near to the main diagonal line of the diagram? Select the correct answer () 90% of its life. O 55% of its life. O 70% of its life. O 95% of its life. O 80% of its life. Q6 (1 points) What is the source of red light seen in an emission nebula? Select the correct answer O Small red dwarf stars. O Oxygen gas. () Hydrogen gas. O Helium gas. O Large, cool red giant stars. https://kudu.com 2/11
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q7 (1 points) Why do reflective nebulae often appear blue, while the stars inside of them appear to be more red? Select the correct answer Blue light from the stars is more easily absorbed by the particles in a reflective nebula, making the particles seem blue while making the stars seem more red. O Blue light from the nebulae tends to get scattered in our atmosphere, removing blue light from its source (the stars) and scattering it in the region of sky around it. Blue light from the stars is more easily scattered by the particles in a reflective nebula, making the particles seem blue while making the stars seem more red. Stars in these nebulae tend to be cool and as a result red, but the small amount of blue light they emit is more easily scattered by particles in their nebula. O Reflective nebulae tend to have a high amount of oxygen which glows blue. Q8 (1 points) How does absorption effect the way we see nebulae? Select the correct answer O It causes stars closer to the edge of a nebula to appear brighter while those closer to the center appear dimmer. O It allows for the coloration of the particles that we see in reflective nebulae. O It allows reflective nebulae to be bright enough for us to see them. () It causes stars closer to the center of a reflective nebula to appear dimmer and redder. O It causes stars in some nebulae to appear either redder or bluer than they otherwise would. Q9 (1 points) What is the name for a dark region of space caused by a nebula? Select the correct answer O A mystery region. () Adark nebula. O An empty region. O Adark spot. O An empty nebula. https://kudu.com 3/11
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q10 (1 points) The Orion nebula is a part of a larger molecular cloud that covers most of what constellation? Select the correct answer () Orion O Scorpio O Ursa major O Cancer O Libra Q11 (1 points) Where does the term molecular clouds come from? Select the correct answer O The stars in these nebulae move in a way similar to atoms in a molecule. O The particles in these nebulae have enough energy for them to form larger molecules. (O These nebulae are more dense, making them more likely to form larger molecules. () The particles in these nebulae are cold enough that they can form larger molecules. O The particles in these nebulae are made from a higher percentage of heavy elements. Q12 (1 points) What kind of nebula is the Orion nebula? Select the correct answer O Adark nebula. O Areflective nebula. O Aplanetary nebula. () An emission nebula. O A supernova remnant. https://kudu.com 4/11
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q13 (1 points) What is the cutoff mass between high mass stars and low mass stars? Select the correct answer O 5 solar masses. O 10 solar masses. O 2solar masses. O 1 solar mass. () 8 solar masses. Q14 (1 points) How do changes in a star’s core as the helium ash builds up there typically affect the star’s outer layers? Select the correct answer o When a star’s core becomes cooler it contracts, meaning there is less surface area to radiate energy to the rest of the star so the outer layers also cool and contract. O When a star’s core cools down it compresses and releases less energy, causing the outer layers to expand and heat up. o When a star’s core is compressed it fuses faster, causing more overall energy to be created making the star as a whole hotter and denser. As a star’s outer layer expands for whatever reason it loses material, causing it to be less dense and to push with less force on the core, causing the core to also become less dense. When a star’s core is compressed it fuses faster, increasing the temperature of the star and causing the outer layers to expand and cool. Q15 (1 points) What is the first step in the death of a star having about the same mass as that of our Sun? Select the correct answer O The core becomes so hot and dense that it heats the area around it to a temperature where fusion can occur. (O The star runs out of hydrogen atoms, leaving it with no fuel to continue burning and beginning a cooling period. (O Helium atoms in the star’s core become so hot and densely pushed together that they begin to fuse into carbon atoms. The star’s core runs out of hydrogen atoms to fuse and the lack of outward force causes the core to contract, becoming much hotter and denser. O https://kudu.com 5/11
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11/15/2021 Kudu O As the star becomes hotter and more luminous its outer layers put more and more pressure on the core, causing to to heat up tremendously. Q16 (1 points) How does the gravitational pull of a red giant compare to that of a main sequence star of the same mass? Select the correct answer From an equal distance the pull of the red giant is greater, but the force at the surface of a main sequence star is less than that of a red giant at its surface since the red giant is bigger. O Except for at very large distances the gravitational pull of a main sequence star is always much greater than that of a red giant. O Except for at very large distances the gravitational pull of a red giant is always much greater than that of a main sequence star. From an equal distance the forces would be the same but the force at the surface of a red giant is much lower than that at the surface of a main sequence star because of its large radius. Q17 (1 points) What is the name for the end stage of a sun-like star that has completely run out of hydrogen and helium fuel and lost its outer layers? Select the correct answer O Blue dwarf. () White dwarf. O Black dwarf. O Red subgiant. O Red giant. Q18 (1 points) What is a planetary nebula? Select the correct answer O Clouds of gas and dust left by the destruction of a star’s death. O The remaining mass left by a collision between two stars. () Gas that has been shed from a red giant that is interacting with a star’s naked core. https://kudu.com 6/11
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11/15/2021 Kudu O The cloud of dust and gas from which a star system is formed. O Adisk of gas and dust filled with a young star and planets. Q19 (1 points) What type of star lives the longest? Select the correct answer O White dwarfs. O Red giants. QO Pulsars. O High mass stars. () Red dwarfs. Q20 (1 points) The basic quantum rule that leads to electron degeneracy pressure is that two electrons cannot occupy the same state in the same place. Select the correct answer O False O True Q21 (1 points) Approximately how massive must an object be in order for it to become a star? Select the correct answer (O about 1000 times the mass of Jupiter. O about 500 times the mass of Jupiter. O about 200 times the mass of Jupiter. O about 25 times the mass of Jupiter. () about 80 times the mass of Jupiter. Q22 (1 points) What do we call an object with a mass between that of a large gas giant planet and that a small star? https://kudu.com 7/11
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11/15/2021 Kudu oeiect e correct arnswer O A brown giant. () Abrown dwarf. O Ablack dwarf. O Ared giant. O Ablue dwarf. Q23 (1 points) What kind of light is most emitted by a brown dwarf? Select the correct answer QO Visible brown light. () Infrared light. QO Ultraviolet light. O X-rays. QO Visible red light. Q24 (1 points) What spectral classes do brown dwarfs fall under? Select the correct answer O H,l,and J. ) L TandY. O K M, andL. O X, Y,andZ. O FG,andY. https://kudu.com 8/11
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q25 (1 points) What is the name of the spacecraft that found hundreds of brown dwarfs by scanning the skies for infrared light? Select the correct answer O Kepler spacecraft. ) WISE. O Hubble telescope. O Expanding horizons. O Dwarf catcher. Q26 (1 points) How close to Earth is the closest known brown dwarf? Select the correct answer O About 10 light years away. O About 50 light years away. () About 5 light years away. O About 1 light year away. O Around 100 light years away. Q27 (1 points) What keeps a white dwarf from collapsing due to gravity? Select the correct answer () Electron degeneracy pressure from free electrons. O Radiation of heat left over from the stars fusion. (O The gravitational pull of the mass that was ejected from the star. O Pressure from the internal protons pushing on each other. O Electric repulsion between free electrons. https://kudu.com 9/11
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11/15/2021 Kudu Q28 (1 points) About how much would a cubic centimeter of white dwarf material weigh on Earth (assuming it remains at the same density as in the star)? Select the correct answer O 10 kilograms O 100 kilograms () 1,000 kilograms O 100,000 kilograms O 10,000 kilograms Q29 (1 points) How does the gravity on the surface of a white dwarf compare to the gravity on Earth? Select the correct answer () Itis about 100,000 times Earth gravity. O ltis about 1,000 times Earth gravity. O Itis about 1 million times Earth gravity. O ltis about 100 times Earth gravity. O ltis about 10,000 times Earth gravity. Q30 (1 points) What causes the colors that we see when we view a planetary nebula? Select the correct answer () Radiation from the hot white dwarf excites nearby gas, causing it to glow. O Light from the white dwarf reflects off of the various materials around it. O The gas that was thrown off of the star is still very hot and generates light. O White dwarfs generate a great deal of stellar wind, which appears very colorful in high amounts. O The material ejected from the star is very radioactive and as a result, glows. Q31 (1 points) How long do planetary nebulae usually last? Select the correct answer O Dozens of years. O Billions of years. https://kudu.com 10/11
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11/15/2021 Kudu O Millions of years. () Thousands of years. O Hundreds of year. Q32 (1 points) The force that holds up white dwarfs against their own gravity is called Select the correct answer () electron degeneracy pressure. O neutron degeneracy pressure. O thermal pressure. QO the strong nuclear force. O magneto-hydro-dynamic pressure. https://kudu.com 11/11
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