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Geneviève Méthot October 8 th , 2023 CLAS-1006 Greek Civilization 2023 Nipissing University Paul Monaghan 1. 1. What academic principles and strategies do you think are most important for the discipline of Classical Studies/Ancient Studies? There are a few strategies when talking about classical studies and ancient studies. The most important and successful strategy for the Greeks was on the battlefield. The Greeks would use hoplites in a tight formation called the phalanx. This strategy was used by the men to protect themselves. They would carry them on the left side of their arm. As for Ancient war strategies the Greeks would convince their enemies that the war that continued costed more than submitting. In the discipline of Classical or Ancient Studies, a range of academic principles and strategies are crucial for successful research and scholarship. For example, Historical Context is a strong emphasis on historical context. It is important because being able to understand the political, social, economic, and cultural contexts of the time period helps study is critical for meaningful analysis. There is also critical Thinking: The ability to think critically and question assumptions is essential. Scholars should assess sources, arguments, and interpretations rigorously and consider alternative viewpoints and plenty of others such as Research Ethics, Adaptability, Collaboration etc. These principles and strategies collectively contribute to a well-rounded and successful academic career in Classical or Ancient Studies, allowing scholars to deepen their understanding of ancient civilizations and contribute to the field's ongoing advancement. The discipline of Classical Studies and Ancient Studies is field that studies ancient civilizations, with a particular focus on Greece and Rome. To navigate the complexities of this discipline effectively, scholars and researchers must adhere to a set of foundational principles and employ well-honed strategies that facilitate a deeper understanding of the past. In summary, Classical Studies and Ancient Studies are disciplines guided by a set of foundational principles and strategies that harmonize diverse perspectives and methodologies. Ultimately, the study of Classical Studies/Ancient Studies requires a great commitment. 1 1 Monaghan, Paul. “Sources, Evidence and Methods in Classical Studies”, CLAS-1006 Greek Civilization 2023, Nipissing University, unit 2, slides 4,5. Glazebrook, Allison and Christina Vester, eds. Themes in Greek Society and Culture: An Introduction to Ancient Greece, Oxford University Press, 2017.

1. 2. Discuss the socio-political structure and value system that seems to have become prevalent during the so-called “Homeric” Age. How was this society influenced by the Archaic Greeks’ own sense of the earlier Mycenaean Age? What is the relevance, in this context, of the archaeological finds at Lefkandi? During the Homeric Age, that happened and took place around the 8th century BCE in ancient Greece, the political structure and value system were very different from the more modern times. The Archaic Greeks were influenced by their own sense of the earlier Mycenaean age in several ways. Considering the gap between the two periods and this was around the 12th century BCE for Mycenaeans to the 6th century BCE for Archaic Greeks. 2 Here's how Archaic Greek society was influenced by its perception and interpretation of the Mycenaean. The archaeological site of Lefkandi was very relevant when considering the influence of the earlier Mycenaean age on Archaic Greek society. Lefkandi was located on the island of Euboea that was in Greece, and it contributed to changes in Greek society from the Mycenaean era to the Archaic period. the archaeological finds at Lefkandi provide tangible evidence of the complex interplay between Mycenaean influences and the emerging Archaic Greek society. They demonstrate the elements of Mycenaean culture, including religious practices, material culture, and social structures. These are what shaped and influenced the evolving Greek civilization during the Archaic period. These findings are what helped bridge the gap between the two historical periods and bring out the gradual development of Greek society. In conclusion, the socio-political structure and value system of the Homeric Age were influenced by the earlier Mycenaean Age, with elements of Mycenaean culture creating in memory and oral tradition of the Greeks. The archaeological finds at Lefkandi offer valuable evidence of this transition, showing both continuity and change in the structure of Greek society during this crucial period in ancient Greek history. 3 2 Monaghan, Paul. “Homeric society”, CLAS-1006 Greek Civilization 2023, Nipissing University, Unit 7.3, Slide 48. 3 Glazebrook, Allison and Christina Vester., “Themes in Greek Society and Culture: An Introduction to Ancient Greece” 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, 2021, p.41 https://platform.virdocs.com/read/2008169/3/#/4/2

1. 3. What were the most important features of Greek mythic and religious beliefs and practices? I believe that the most important features of Greek mythic and religious beliefs and practices are a variety of things. The Greek's religious history studied their spiritual, ethical, political, and intellectual experiences. This means that they thought in a certain way and the Greeks used an intelligence that was used in measuring analytical skills and cognitive abilities. The Greeks thought that the gods were involved in all the aspects of the human life. They started to believe in the gods in the 9th century CE and believed that everything had to do with the Greeks. Even though the gods had special powers they still looked like humans and they acted a lot like them. They had the same emotional connections and they wished for their own pleasure and vengeance as humans would. 4 The gods married, and they did all or most of the things that the humans also did. The Greeks had values that they followed they believed that the most important values were wisdom and intelligence. Their values were mostly loyalty, hospitality, self-control, and family. They make their decisions based on the things they learn and the information they have. The most common religious practices were sacrifice and the pouring of libations. All of it was in honor of the god. Many animals were sacrificed in honor of those gods. These animals are usually pigs, sheep, goats, and cows. These practices included like I said animal sacrifices and libation. 5 The myths explain that it was to give the gods a human face. These sacrifices usually took place in the sanctuary. The Greeks also prayed a lot, and they presented gifts and dedicated festivals. For example, one of the festivals being the Olympics was a festival that was created for the god Zeus this was in his honor. Next, I will talk about myths that include fantasy, adventures, and violence. This was part of the education system for the Greeks. The myths were often said out loud to entertain and teach the citizens. The Greek myths were very important because they taught about many subjects such as human responsibility, conflicts, family relationships, Courage, and mysteries of life. There were a lot more but that’s just a few of them. Lastly, Ancient Greeks had religious beliefs that were found in Greek myths. This was polytheistic and this 4 Monaghan, Paul. “The Nature of Greek myths”, CLAS-1006 Greek Civilization 2023, Nipissing University, 5.1, slide 10. 5 Monaghan, Paul. “Greek religious practice”, CLAS-1006 Greek Civilization 2023, Nipissing University, 6.1, slides 7 & 8. Monaghan, Paul. “Greek religious practice”, CLAS-1006 Greek Civilization 2023, Nipissing University, 6.1, 9,10, 12 and 14.

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was on the hypothesis that there were too many gods and goddesses in the Greek world. This was because of the level of control that some gods had over all the others. 67 1. 4. In what ways did the emergence of the polis in the Archaic Age of Greece contribute to both the strengths and the challenges within Greek civilization? The polis was a territory of a central town, the Polis was significant because it gave Western civilization its way of communicating politics of the ideas of democracy. Polis affected Greek society because of their safety. Polis was a community structure of ancient Greece. The emergence of the polis, or city-state, in the Archaic Age of Greece had a profound impact on Greek civilization, bringing both strengths and challenges. 8 Here are some of the strengths: Political Innovation: The polis represented a significant political innovation, as it marked a shift from earlier tribal and monarchic systems. It introduced the concept of citizenship and a form of government, where citizens had a say in the making of decisions and the process. Next, there is also the Military Strength: The polis system encouraged the development of the strong, citizen-soldier armies. This military strength was a a big factor in Greek city-states ability to defend themselves and enlarge their influence in the Mediterranean. Furthermore, there is Civic Pride and Identity and Cultural Development. The polis fostered a sense of civic pride and identity among its citizens. Greeks became deeply attached to their individual city-states, such as Athens, Sparta, or Corinth, which encouraged loyalty and unity among the populace and as for Cultural Development, the competitive nature of the city-states led to cultural flourishing. City-states vied with each other in areas like art, literature, and philosophy, resulting in the creation of enduring masterpieces and intellectual advancements. In addition, there were also many challenges and I'm going to discuss a few of them. Firstly, there was Warfare and Conflict: The competitive nature of the city-states often led to conflict and warfare. The Peloponnesian War, for example, was a conflict between Athens and Sparta that had horrible consequences for Greek civilization. Secondly, Tyranny and Oligarchy: Many city-states experienced periods of tyranny and oligarchy, this was where power was taken in the hands of a few individuals or families. This could lead to political instability and social unrest. Lastly, I want to mention Social Inequality: While the concept of citizenship was revolutionary, not all residents of the polis were considered citizens. Women, slaves, and foreigners often had limited or no political rights, 6 Monaghan, Paul. “The Nature of Greek myths”, CLAS-1006 Greek Civilization 2023, Nipissing University, 5.1, slide 10. 7 Glazebrook, Allison and Christina Vester., “Themes in Greek Society and Culture: An Introduction to Ancient Greece” 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, 2021. https://platform.virdocs.com/read/2008169/3/#/4/2 8 Monaghan, Paul. “overview of ancient greek history”, CLAS-1006 Greek Civilization 2023, Nipissing University, Unit 8, Slide 10.

contributing to social inequality. In summary, the emergence of the polis in the Archaic Age of Greece contributed to the strengths of political innovation, civic pride, cultural development, military prowess, and economic growth. However, it also introduced challenges related to political fragmentation, conflict, social inequality, and limited expansion. The tension between the strengths and challenges of the polis system played a central role in shaping the course of Greek civilization. 9 9 Glazebrook, Allison and Christina Vester., “Themes in Greek Society and Culture: An Introduction to Ancient Greece” 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, 2021 ,p.41,42,43. https://platform.virdocs.com/read/2008169/3/#/4/2

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