ANTH 330 Week 3 Worksheet 2023

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ANTH 330 Hunter-Gatherers Scalise Sugiyama WIN 2023 ANTH 330 Week 3 Worksheet: Lamalera, A Whaling Village in Eastern Indonesia Purpose This worksheet tests your understanding of cooperaBon, and how key features of the foraging niche vary from habitat to habitat. InstrucAons It is highly recommended that you download this worksheet and type your answers into the document offline (this provides back-up of your work). It is also recommended that you answer the quesBons while you are watching the film (i.e., don’t rely on memory when compleBng the worksheet). Your answers should demonstrate that you understand the concept/behavior/phenomenon in quesBon. This is a wriAng assignment: you must answer in complete sentences organized into a cohesive paragraph. Each quesBon is worth 20 points. 1. Define trade (as presented in lecture) and give an example from the film, explaining how it illustrates this type of cooperaAon. Define coopera)ve acquisi)on (as presented in lecture) and give an example from the film, explaining how it illustrates each aspect of this type of cooperaAon. According to lecture six, trade is defined as when resources of different currencies are exchanged. From the film an example of trade can be seen when dried fish and whale meat are exchanged for rice and vegetables from in-land villagers. According to lecture six, cooperaBve acquisiBon refers to hunBng in groups to increase the chances of obtaining food, the most of food acquired, and hunBng eﬃciency. In the film this can be seen in how the male members of the Lamalera people will go out in groups when hunBng for large game. It is also shown that mulBple sailboats will go out together in order to increase the chances of spoWng and successfully killing their prey. 2. IdenAfy and describe (provide evidence of) two examples of sexual division of labor shown in the film, one male and one female. The film explains that the sexual division of labor can be seen in how only women will perform duBes such as trade and the collecBon of resources. For example, women of the Lamalera people will collect salt by evaporaBng sea water into brine in rock pools. This is useful when the sea fails to provide the necessary amounts of fish to trade with in-land villagers and so salt is exchanged instead. Women will also go on a five mile trek to the market to trade meat for other resources when there is a surplus. AlternaBvely, men are responsible for going out onto the boats and fishing for large game such as dolphins, manta rays, and sperm whales. The large game caught is the Lamalera community’s primary source of nutriBon and is also used for trading. 3. The Lamalera community exhibits economic specializaAon. Define economic specializaAon (if you don’t remember what this is, see Lecture 3). IdenAfy a tradiAonal Lamalera skill that falls into this category, and explain how this skill illustrates economic specializaAon. How does the presence of economic specializaAon among the Lamalera people make them different from most foraging peoples? As explained in lecture 3, economic specializaBon is when individuals make their living though the means of a specific profession. In most foraging communiBes, everybody makes their living An example of economic specializaBon in the Lamalera community can be seen with the tradiBonal tradiBonal skill of boat making. This can be classified as an example of economic specializaBon because boat making is a skill that is only known by specific trained individuals and they receive a share of what is caught by the

ANTH 330 Hunter-Gatherers Scalise Sugiyama WIN 2023 boat they made even if they are not present for the hunt. Furthermore, some individuals in the community do not hunt at all and have other jobs in modern society. In other forager socieBes however, every individual makes their means by hunBng and gathering without any excepBon. 4. IdenAfy and describe one piece of evidence in the film that, in forager socieAes, it is men rather than women who tend to hunt large game. IdenAfy and describe two pieces of evidence in the film that large game is an unpredictable resource. In the film it is repeatedly shown that only men go out on the boats when hunBng for large game such as dolphins, manta rays, and sperm whales. Women perform other tasks such as trading meat for vegetables and fruits in the in-land village. This is mostly due to the unpredictable and oYen dangerous nature of hunBng for large game at sea. The film describes that large game from the sea is an unpredictable resource due to there being many condiBons that would determine whether or not it would be present. For example, one villager said that only large game will be caught if the fish food is there and whether the current is good. Also, it is dangerous because as described in the film, the large game can cause crew members to fall into the ocean and be hurt. 5. The harpooner has rights to the boat owners’ and the crew members’ porAons of the catch, and thus gets more meat/fish than the rest of the crew. Based on the informaAon about harpooning/ harpooners presented in the film, why might the harpooner get a larger share of meat than the other crew members? Support your answer with evidence from the film. The harpooner has rights to a larger porBon of the meat because performing the job of a harpooner is very dangerous and is much more taxing than the jobs of the other crew members. One harpooner even menBons how his wife doesn’t want him harpooning because she is afraid he will have an accident. He goes on to describe how the rope could get wrapped around his hand or foot he could be dragged into the deep sea and die. The film’s narrator says that a harpooner can lose an arm or a leg or be a[acked by a shark and a blow from a whales tale would result in death. 6. IdenAfy and describe 4 tradiAonal Lamalera technologies and/or knowledge sets required for catching large animals such as whales and manta rays at sea. Discuss each technology/knowledge set in terms of an anatomical limitaAon it enables humans to bypass. Note: you must discuss a different anatomical limitaAon for each technology/knowledge set. The first tradiBonal Lamalera technology and knowledge set is harpooning which allows for successful capturing of large game when out at sea. The animals that the Lamalera people are hunBng can swim away from the boats very fast and so without the harpoons, the crew members would not be able to catch them before they escaped. The next Lamalera knowledge set is being able to build their sailboats which are made without any nails or man made materials. Since there are very limited on-land resources, without these boat the Lamalera people would be without food. Furthermore, since humans would not be able to capture and bring back large sea animals by swimming, the well-craYed boats allow for the crew members to travel far out into the sea to find the best possible resources. Another crucial piece of technology that the Lamelera people use is the paddles for their boats. Since the boats are very heavy it would be impossible to go far out into the sea where all of the large game live without using their well-craYed paddles. Lastly, the Lamalera crew members use metal spikes to jab the brains once they catch their prey with the harpoon, thus killing the animal. Without using this spike, the large game would thrash and try to get away, prevenBng the crew members from holding onto the animal. 7. Summarize the rules for dividing up (sharing) a manta ray. IdenAfy and discuss three explanaAons for the evoluAon of food sharing (presented in Lecture 6) that could account for all or part of these rules. Explain your reasoning.

ANTH 330 Hunter-Gatherers Scalise Sugiyama WIN 2023 The person who spots the manta ray gets the lower half of the gills and the men who bail the boat out get the other half. One porBon of the animal goes to the owner of the boat and the remainder goes to the the crew. The owner and crew’s porBon is further divided according to the different rights in that group. The harpooner has rights to both the owner and the crews’ porBon and therefore gets more than the other crew members. Next, the crew and owner further divide up the meat with their family and a certain porBon is set aside for widows and orphans. Lastly, any surplus of meat is traded in in-land village marketplaces for fruits and vegetables. These rules ensure that the meat is spread widely throughout the village. One explanaBon for the evoluBon of food sharing is kin selecBon which is described as sharing resources with people who are from your family who are less able to a[ain their own resources. This can be seen in how the crew members with share their porBon of large game with the people they are related to. Another explanaBon as described in the lecture is tolerated theY which is described as resources that come in big packages, such as large game, will have diminishing returns. Therefore, if there is a surplus of meat, it will rot before it is consumed by its owner and therefore not beneficial to anyone. A soluBon to this can be seen in the Lamalera community in how the surplus meat is traded from other resources such as fruits and vegetables. Lastly, another explanaBon as described in the lecture is Bt-for-tat reciprocity which is how a unit of value is transferred from one individual to another in exchange for an equivalent unit as a later point. Once again, this can be seen in how the crew members give some of their porBon to their female relaBves who in turn will trade some of the surplus meat for other resources. Rubric Worksheets are evaluated based on quality and completeness. Quality means accurate and though]ul applicaBon of course/film concepts and provision of relevant supporBng evidence. Complete means all required components are present. Each quesBon is worth 20 points, 10 for quality and 10 for completeness. 1-2 = beginning 3-4 = developing 5-6 = intermediate 7-8 = accomplished 9-10 = exemplary QUESTION QUALITY POINTS COMPLETENESS POINTS TOTAL POINTS 1 /10 /10 /20 2 /10 /10 /20 3 /10 /10 /20 4 /10 /10 /20 5 /10 /10 /20 6 /10 /10 /20 7 /10 /10 /20 Total /70 /70 /140

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ANTH 330 Week 3 Worksheet 2023

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