Lakota Warrior Traditions: The Legacy of Crazy Horse

The passage is reprinted for your use in answering the remaining questions. (This passage is excerpted from a book published in 2002.) Lakota tradition encouraged its fighting men to publicly recount their exploits in battle. Waktoglaka (wah-kto-glah-kah) is the word for that old custom, meaning “to tell of one’s victories.” It seems illogical that a culture in which humility was a virtue could allow its fighting men to brag in public. There was, however, an essential requirement: Each and every action recounted had to be verified by at least one witness. That verification ensured the truth. To truthfully describe one’s action in combat through the forum of ceremony was not considered bragging because the recounting—the story of the action—was a gift. It became part of the identity and the lore of the storyteller’s warrior society, and it served to strengthen the entire village—not to mention that the deed recounted served as an example for young men to emulate. Most men who did the waktoglaka did not repeat the story unless asked because they realized the value of humility. While exploits in the arena of combat were the way to establish and enhance a good reputation and gain status in the community, lack of appropriate humility was a sure way to taint one’s reputation and erode hard-won status. In other words, once the battle was over it was time to be humble. To traditional Lakota, humility was the one virtue that enhanced other virtues. To be generous was good, for example, as long as one did not call attention to his or her generosity. Anything good that was done or said with humility carried more impact. According to all the stories, one of the most humble of all Lakota was Crazy Horse. Crazy Horse was an Oglala Lakota. The Oglala, which means “to scatter one’s own,” were (and are) one of the seven Lakota groups. His is one of the most familiar names to emerge from the turbulent nineteenth century in the American West. In western American history, written by Euro-Americans, he is popularly regarded as the conqueror of both General George Crook and Lieutenant Colonel George Custer. On June 17, 1876, he led seven hundred to nine hundred Lakota and Cheyenne warriors and stopped Crook’s northward advance at the Battle of the Rosebud, on the Rosebud River in what is now north central Wyoming. Eight days later, one thousand to twelve hundred Lakota and Northern Cheyenne warriors under his leadership, as well as the able leadership of several other notable Lakota battlefield leaders, defeated Custer’s Seventh Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Crazy Horse was thirty-six years old at the time, and his combat experience and leadership helped to thwart—albeit temporarily—the United States Army’s grand plan of 1876 to capture and herd all the Lakota onto reservations once and for all. But we Lakota don’t remember him primarily because he defeated Crook or Custer; we remember him because—in spite of his larger-than-life achievements on the field of battle—he was a humble man. Crazy Horse was born to be a warrior and a leader.

He had an ability to stay calm in the midst of chaos and confusion, and to lead by example. In the Lakota society of his day the arena of combat provided opportunities for fighting men to display skill and courage. Acts of bravery on the battlefield earned them honors within their warrior societies and status in the society at large. Many men who achieved a following as combat leaders also went on to become political leaders as well, such as the Hunkpapa Lakota Sitting Bull. As a matter of fact, Crazy Horse’s steadiness under fire earned him his first adult name, prior to Crazy Horse. Because he had a habit of dismounting in the midst of fighting, then kneeling beside his war horse to take deliberate aim at the enemy, he became known as His Horse Stands in Sight. Such conduct earned him more combat honors by his early twenties than most men achieved in an entire lifetime. He was known far and wide for his daring and recklessness in combat, but also for his ability to make good tactical decisions. If anyone earned the right to participate in the waktoglaka ceremony, it was he. But according to all the stories handed down about him he never did. For all of his life Crazy Horse was painfully shy and probably spoke in public only twice. Though he was entitled to wear the symbols of his many achievements on the battlefield—eagle feathers—he was known to dress plainly. If he wore any decoration at all it was usually a single feather. 1. In his description of the United States Army’s plan “to capture and herd all the Lakota onto reservations once and for all” toward the end of the fourth paragraph, the author’s tone conveys which of the following? (A) Admiration for the scope of the Army’s military ambitions (B) Disapproval of the Army’s dehumanizing treatment of the Lakota (C) Awe at the Army’s sophisticated strategies and superior weaponry (D) Indignation at the Army’s previous failures to follow through on the plan (E) Pride in the Army’s foresight and superior managerial skills

2. The speaker’s tone in the passage is best described as (A) inquisitive (B) critical (C) pedantic (D) apologetic (E) egocentric

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The writer is considering adding the following sentence immediately before sentence 11. Those who believe that science fiction predicts the future are simply wrongheaded. 3. Should the writer make this addition? (A) Yes, because it makes a claim that effectively reinforces the writer’s point of view regarding the readers and critics mentioned in the first paragraph. (B) Yes, because it adds an important qualification regarding the point the writer makes about science fiction and forecasting in the first paragraph. (C) Yes, because it provides an effective transition between the information given in sentence 10 and the refinement of the writer’s position offered in sentence 11.

(D) No, because it creates an inappropriate shift in tone at the beginning of the passage’s final paragraph. (E) No, because the point it makes is not consistent with the writer’s analysis of science fiction novels in the passage. 4. The author’s shift in tone between the fourth and fifth paragraphs marks a transition between (A) offering practical advice and advocating broader principles (B) exemplifying simplicity and demonstrating complexity (C) identifying problems and proposing solutions (D) presenting absolute claims and qualifying those claims (E) arguing from personal experience and incorporating the insights of others 5. The writer wants to add information to the beginning of sentence 6 (reproduced below), adjusting the capitalization as needed, to help establish the credibility of the source of

the information in the sentence. Middle- and upper-class teens are choosing not to work, while lower-income teens have less access to jobs. Which of the following choices most effectively accomplishes this goal? (A) According to Professor Paul Harrington, (B) According to Paul Harrington, an expert, (C) According to Paul Harrington, a Drexel University professor of labor markets, (D) According to a Drexel University professor, (E) According to a university professor who is an expert on labor markets, (1) Except for the professional opportunities archaeology affords and the state-of-the-art technologies that archaeologists use, many people might assume that archaeology has little to do with the present. (2) After all, archaeology is the study of human history. (3) A recent finding at Eleutherna, the site of an ancient Greek city on Crete, provides a striking example: unearthing the skeleton of a woman, archaeologists struggled to interpret the unusual signs of strain on the bones until they watched a local craftswoman at work. (4) The archaeologists’ interpretation not only challenges popular assumptions about archaeology, but it also forces archaeologists to reexamine their assumptions about women’s work in ancient Greece. (5) Eleutherna researchers discovered the skeleton in 2009. (6) Preliminary analysis determined that the approximately 50-year-old woman lived between 900 and 650 BCE. (7) Examining her remains, the archaeologists eyeballed something truly wacky: unlike the cartilage of other female specimens at the site, the cartilage on the upper right side of the skeleton’s body and on the right-hip and knee joints was almost completely worn away. (8) This anomaly signified that the woman must have engaged in a long-term strenuous activity involving the right side of her body. (9) Seeking more exact information, the researchers drew on their assumptions about the kinds of work women performed in ancient Greece. (10) Deploying skeletal models, the archaeologists tried bread-baking, weaving, harvesting, etc.—but to no avail. (11) Wondering if the present could unlock the past, the archaeologists spent several years observing people near Eleutherna who performed tasks similar to those the ancient Greeks would have performed. (12) Success came in 2018 when a female ceramicist modeled her work for the researchers. (13) Analyzing her movements as she worked on large vases and listening to her detail the physical toll of the work, the team was convinced that the ancient Eleuthernan woman whose skeleton it was studying must have been a potter, a guess later confirmed by medical imaging and further anatomical modeling. (14) The woman was not just a ceramicist, though. (15) The extent of wear on her remains indicates that she was a master ceramicist. (16) Archaeologists had long assumed that professional pottery making was the exclusive province of males in ancient Greece. (17) The Eleutherna researchers, supplementing Greece’s archaeological discoveries, acknowledge that they have more to learn. 6. Which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 7 (reproduced below) best maintains the writer’s predominant tone throughout the passage?

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Examining her remains, the archaeologists eyeballed something truly wacky: unlike the cartilage of other female specimens at the site, the cartilage on the upper right side of the skeleton’s body and on the right-hip and knee joints was almost completely worn away. (A) (as it is now) (B) clued in on a weird thing (C) noticed a fascinating detail (D) saw something really out-there (E) laid their eyes on an enthralling phenomenon 7. The writer wants to add commentary after sentence 10 that further explains the significance of the evidence presented in the sentence in relation to the paragraph’s line of reasoning. Which of the following sentences, if inserted after sentence 10, best accomplishes this goal? (A) In fact, the women of ancient Athens were neither allowed to own property nor to enjoy the full rights of citizenship. (B) No activity typically associated with women would have taxed the body to the extent evidenced by the skeleton. (C) The type of skeletal models used by the archaeologists at Eleutherna are able to mimic human body movements. (D) Women in ancient Greece are also closely associated with religious practices, especially ritual care of the dead. (E) Archaeologists must also contend with the fact that no firsthand written documents are known to exist from the Greek Dark Ages. 8. The writer is considering deleting sentence 8 (reproduced below). This anomaly signified that the woman must have engaged in a long-term strenuous activity involving the right side of her body. Should the writer keep or delete this sentence? (A) Keep it, because it establishes a cause-effect relationship that is elaborated on in the sentences that follow.

(B) Keep it, because it defines a term that helps the audience contextualize the passage’s main claim. (C) Delete it, because the word “anomaly” is not consistent with the information provided in the preceding sentence. (D) Delete it, because it conflicts with the tone that the writer has established throughout the passage. (E) Delete it, because it contradicts the claims that are made in the passage’s final paragraph. The writer wants sentence 17 (reproduced below) to summarize key aspects of the passage’s argument. The Eleutherna researchers, supplementing Greece’s archaeological discoveries, acknowledge that they have more to learn. 9. Which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 17 best accomplishes this goal? (A) (as it is now) (B) excited by how this finding reinforces the other surprising discoveries at Eleutherna (C) aware of the various kinds of information our bodies contain about us (D) inspired by a contemporary craftswoman to rethink their preconceived ideas about women’s labor in the ancient world (E) adding to our knowledge of a period of Greek history known as the Iron Age due to the importance of iron working during this time 10. Which of the following types of evidence, if added to the third paragraph (sentences 11-13), would most effectively support the conclusion reached by the researchers? (A) Anecdotal evidence about how the researchers were able to establish cordial relationships with people living near Eleutherna (B) Personal observations by the researchers regarding how they were able to convince the female ceramicist to model for them (C) Expert opinion regarding the quality of the most important collections of large vases from ancient Greece (D) Statistics showing how many pottery makers live in the vicinity of Eleutherna and how many of them are women (E) Details about the mechanics of pottery making to show exactly how the craft would have caused the worn

11. Which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 13 (reproduced below) best maintains the credibility of both the writer and the finding being discussed for an audience of scientists? Analyzing her movements as she worked on large vases and listening to her detail the physical toll of the work, the team was convinced that the ancient Eleuthernan woman whose skeleton it was studying must have been a potter, a guess later confirmed by medical imaging and further anatomical modeling. (A) (as it is now) (B) sneaking suspicion (C) random notion (D) hypothesis (E) hunch 12. The writer is considering adding a direct quotation from a source to the final paragraph. Which of the following sentences, if added to the paragraph, would most effectively support an important element of the writer’s thesis? (A) Forensic anthropologist Anagnostis Agelarakis describes the finding at Eleutherna with great enthusiasm: “It signifies that women . . . held craft specialization roles in antiquity, which I think is very important.” (B) As forensic anthropologist Anagnostis Agelarakis notes, most people don’t realize that “bone is a live organ.” (C) Forensic anthropologist Anagnostis Agelarakis concedes that the finding represents only “a tiny bit in a bigger puzzle.” (D) Journalist Cara Giaimo explains that the techniques the researchers used to study the skeletal remains were also “used to figure out how gladiators fought in ancient Ephesus.” (E) Smithsonian writer Meilan Solly explains that “archaeologists previously unearthed the graves of four priestesses in the same Orthi Petra site [at Eleutherna]” where the skeleton was found.

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13. The writer wants to improve the coherence of the first paragraph by adding a transitional sentence between sentences 2 and 3. Which of the following choices most effectively accomplishes this goal? (A) The European continent has a rich archaeological history. (B) With sufficient funding from universities or governments, many archaeologists and their students get to travel to sites around the world. (C) Actually, human prehistory— the long stretch of time before written records were kept—is also very important to the discipline. (D) Nonetheless, skeletal remains figure prominently among the artifacts archaeologists study. (E) However, insights from the present inform the discipline in many ways. 14. The contrast drawn between the witty man and the fool (sentence 6) emphasizes the witty man's (A) self-confidence and the fool's lack of self-knowledge (B) appreciation and the fool's lack of comprehension (C) justified anger and the fool's innocence (D) sense of humor and the fool's resentment (E) ability to retaliate and the fool's lack of wit 15. In the sentence "If . . . place" (sentence 8), the author does which of the following? (A) Distinguishes an explanation of a timeworn idea from a common occurrence. (B) Raises an objection and then overrides it with an assertion. (C) Presents a dilemma and then explains its difficulties. (D) Offers a contrasting example and then dismisses it.

(E) Cites an exaggeration and then minimizes it. 16. The sentence "Neither . . . offensive" (sentence 5) does which of the following? (A) Undercuts a point made previously. (B) Contradicts the thesis of the passage. (C) Answers a possible objection. (D) Offers an opposing point of view. (E) Presents an authoritative example. 17. Which of the following best describes the speaker's professed attitude toward the reputation of Jack Ketch? (A) Admiration verging on envy (B) Thinly veiled contempt (C) Sympathy bordering on pity (D) Respect tinged with impatience (E) Repugnance combined with jealousy 18. Which of the following sentences best represents the author's main point in the passage? (A) "Franklin has a particular resonance in twenty-first century America." (Paragraph 1).

(B) "We would admire both his earnestness and his self-aware irony." (Paragraph 1) (C) "Some who see the reflection of Franklin in the world today fret about a shallowness of soul and spiritual complacency that seem to permeate a culture of materialism." (Paragraph 2) (D) "They regard Franklin as an exemplar of the personal character and civic virtue that are too often missing in modern America." (Paragraph 2) (E) "Both sides too often confuse him with the striving pilgrim he portrayed in his autobiography." (Paragraph 3) 19. The final paragraph functions as (A) a repetition of the views previously established (B) a diatribe against those who devalue Franklin (C) an authorial judgment about a preceding discussion (D) a critique of Franklin's autobiography (E) a controversial conclusion to a contentious debate 20. The misunderstanding discussed in Paragraph 3 is that many who study Franklin (A) ascribe greater geniality to Franklin than his actions support (B) confuse Franklin's public statements with his private beliefs (C) believe that Franklin had a fundamental faith that in fact he lacked (D) do not study the public Franklin enough to understand him thoroughly (E) rely too much on government records in their analysis of Franklin 21. "They" in Paragraph 2 of the passage refers to people who (A) disagree that Franklin's life exemplifies commercial values (B) want to reevaluate the importance of Franklin's writings (C) believe that Franklin's legacy is not appreciated sufficiently (D) have reservations about Franklin's values (E) want others to be as inspired by Franklin as they have been 22. The rhetorical purpose of Paragraph 1 ("And we ... values") is to (A) assert that the contemporary view of Franklin distorts his accomplishments (B) suggest that Franklin did not balance his pursuits particularly well (C) encourage the reader to analyze present-day leaders in the light of Franklin (D) make Franklin seem more morally upright than he may actually have been (E) prompt the reader to feel kinship with Franklin on the basis of the challenges he faced

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The speaker's primary purpose in the passage is to (A) describe a series of unprecedented events (B) characterize an idyllic era (C) portray an unusual character (D) depict an inequitable situation (E) comment on a popular assumption 23. In the first sentence of the passage, the clause set off by dashes (“she adopted . . . sell”) serves primarily to explain (A) Rowling’s reversal of gender stereotypes in her writings (B) the origins of Rowling’s pen name (C) the economic hardships faced by Rowling’s family (D) why Rowling did not expect her novels to be financially successful (E) why Rowling was drawn to writing young adult fiction

24. In the third paragraph, which of the following best describes the author’s perspective regarding orphan characters such as Harry Potter and Oliver Twist? (A) While orphan characters share many literary influences, they ultimately owe their distinctive identities to their respective creators. (B) Regardless of the different worlds inhabited by orphan characters, they are often equally popular with readers. (C) Despite the unusual challenges faced by many orphan characters, they typically overcome them. (D) Whereas many orphan characters have ideal qualities, modern readers no longer admire such perfection. (E) Although orphan characters share a marginal social status, they may not be equally complex. 25. In the context of the final paragraph, the author uses phrases such as “dull, distracted adults” and “soulless environment” primarily to (A) explain why adults may be less perceptive readers of Rowling’s books than children are (B) respond to the objection that Rowling often misrepresents the adult world (C) urge his audience to devote more time to reading children’s literature (D) remind his audience of the very different perspective that children might have of the adult world (E) suggest that his audience might be projecting their own dissatisfaction with the adult world onto Rowling’s work 26.. Which of the following best describes the function of the first paragraph? (A) It previews the author’s line of reasoning by listing the main points of the argument. (B) It engages the audience’s sympathies by suggesting parallels between Rowling and her fictional hero. (C) It contextualizes the argument by explaining the challenges that Rowling faced as a woman author.

(D) It enhances the author’s credibility by relating a little known anecdote about Rowling’s early interest in fantasy fiction. (E) It captures the audience’s attention by presenting an imaginary scenario about how Rowling created Harry Potter. 27. The author sets off the passage’s final phrase with an em dash primarily to (A) express doubt about the phrase (B) heighten the impact of the phrase (C) highlight the ambiguity of the phrase (D) separate a judgment from a statement of fact (E) rephrase a previous conclusion ‘ 28. In the fourth sentence of the passage, the author uses the modifiers “more agreeable” and “more pathetic” in order to (A) acknowledge that his experience of emigration might be unusual (B) characterize his efforts to win the approval of his fellow passengers (C) stress the extremes of character he witnessed in his fellow emigrants

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(D) emphasize the contrast between the imagined and actual experiences of emigration (E) emphasize the resolute nature of most emigrants he encountered 29. Toward the middle of the second paragraph, the author uses the phrase “hawk-like features” in order to (A) suggest that an emigrant’s attractive appearance did not guarantee his success (B) emphasize the ambitious character that he imagined emigrants possessed (C) describe the physical characteristics of the emigrants he met aboard ship (D) defend his view that emigrants are unusually courageous (E) contrast older emigrants with the younger ones he encountered 30. In the fourth sentence of the final paragraph, the author uses the word “calamity” primarily to (A) indicate that he is exaggerating to produce a comic effect (B) emphasize that economic downturns can be devastating to those affected by them (C) arouse the audience’s interest in an otherwise boring topic (D) show that the consequences of isolated incidents can easily be overstated (E) suggest that it is unusual for a turn of the market to be disastrous 31. Toward the end of the final paragraph, the author begins a sentence with “Yet it must not be supposed” in order to (A) issue a disclaimer about the validity of his observations (B) highlight an assumption that he initially made about emigrants (C) signal a shift in his perspective on his fellow emigrants (D) sharpen a contrast between two types of emigrants he observed (E) warn his audience against the folly of judging others

32. In the second sentence of the second paragraph, the repetition of the word “things” primarily serves to (A) qualify a claim by acknowledging an exception to it (B) portray contrasting viewpoints as equally legitimate (C) clarify an argument by restating it in simpler terms (D) illustrate a generalization with a particular case (E) strengthen an assertion by broadening its implications 33. In the context of the passage as a whole, the author’s description of her teacher’s views in the middle of the first paragraph (“I am quite . . . questioned”) is best characterized as a (A) frank reconsideration of an early assessment of the teacher’s intelligence (B) careful reflection on the biases that influenced her teacher’s judgment (C) calculated effort to expose an unfit teacher to the public’s disapproval (D) satisfying resolution to a long-standing puzzle from the author’s youth (E) moving depiction of the lasting effects of a painful childhood event 34. The author’s use of the word “injected” (paragraph 1, sentence 4) conveys her tone of (A) disgust with the coercive aspects of modern educational methods (B) mirth about the absurdity of common approaches to teaching

(C) sympathy for teachers forced to adopt ineffective techniques (D) optimism regarding the promise of educational reforms (E) frustration with teachers’ reluctance to experiment 35. In context, the tone of the author’s remark that “It does not occur . . . legitimate question” (paragraph 1, sentence 6) is best described as (A) blunt and polemical (B) impartial and inquiring (C) condescending but resigned (D) contemptuous and dismissive (E) critical but sympathetic 36. The opening sentence of the second paragraph primarily serves to (A) introduce a tension that the author ultimately resolves (B) state a position that the author goes on to refute (C) question the validity of a claim developed earlier in the passage (D) make an assertion that is then supported with argumentation (E) propose a hypothesis that the author subsequently refines

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37. The “recent book-club guides” (end of paragraph 2) tend to emphasize A. how book clubs need to be structured and regular in order to succeed B. how difficult it is to start a book club in New York C. how often even the best book clubs fail D. the variety of reasons that people have for starting book clubs E. the challenges of selecting books for discussion The final sentence of the passage serves to A. conclude an argument begun in the first paragraph B. suggest a probable cause for an ongoing phenomenon C. argue that publishers need to pay more attention to book clubs D. offer a final analysis of the phenomenon described in the second paragraph E. explain why the author has chosen a particular field of study The first paragraph serves to (A) explain why the author enjoys one way of reading (B) describe the extension of a particular activity into nontraditional areas (C) make generalizations that will be developed later (D) explore ways in which people can structure free time (E) detail the power of media and mass marketing to censor The function of the second sentence of paragraph 3 (“Yet despite . . . abstractions”) is to (A) argue for the value of a particular literary theory (B) explain how important it is not to make abstract judgments (C) point out a discrepancy between teaching practices and literary theory (D) highlight the demand for a way to measure emotional responses to texts (E) explore the author’s views about reading in isolation

The last paragraph marks a shift from (A) popular to academic contexts (B) supported to unsound generalizations (C) impersonal to personal examples (D) subtle irony to explicit sarcasm (E) neutral to negative characterization of book clubs

AP Lang Unit 6 MCQ Hunt

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