CLAS180-EXAM-1-NOTESHEET

CHAP 1 : What is a myth? William R. Bascom: -> American anthropologist -> Myths have high emotional content -> Discuss the sacred; -> Happen in remote past Don Cupitt: -> British theologian -> Myths discuss sacred; -> represent traditional beliefs; -> are passed down by oral tradition 3 FORMS OF PROSE NARRATIVES Both Bascom’s and Cupitt’s definitions are exclude (loại trừ): - Myths in form of visual art, drama, poetry - Works with known author; - Stories that do not include supernatural beings; - Stories do not describe the sacred. William G.Doty - context of mythological corpus: (3- point definition: form, content, function) - Myths can be told in many forms that are always rich in metaphors and symbols. - Myths are defined by values and meanings they promote; - Myths serve a purpose for individuals, groups, societies. What is Classical Mythology? Myths from Ancient Greece (AC): - Classical mythology refers to the myths of ancient Greece and Rome; - AC wasn’t a nation, but refers to places where Greeks lived; - Many of the poems that tell these myths originated in the Archaic Period, including the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Homeric Hymns, and Hesiod’s Theogony, Works & Days. - These weren’t considered sacred texts but are important for making sense of Greek gods goddesses. - In Classical period, Greeks began to examine their myths, expressing skepticism about the gods: -> Tragedians wrote plays about the gods, and the Histories of Herodotus contains stories about them. -> Philosophers began to question myths using rationalism. - During the Hellenistic Period, Greek scholars began to collect myths: -> Roman scholars continued this practice of recording antiquity; -> By the fifth century CE the Roman Empire had become Christianized, and the mythological system became quiescent. Myths from Ancient Near East: - Greece was a relative newcomer compared to the empires of the ancient Near East; - The Hittite Empire ruled Anatolia from the 18th through the 14th centuries ВСЕ; - Hittite creation myths share similarities with Hesiod's Theogony; - The Hittites may have had contact with early kings of Troy; - The religious and cultural ideas of the Levant were spread throughout the Mediterranean by the Phoenicians; - They were skilled sailors who developed a powerful trading empire. - The Israelite residents of the Levant were isolated by their monotheistic beliefs; - There are still similarities between Greek and Hebrew ideas of a moral universe and between stories like that of the flood; - The Epic of Gilgamesh was a Sumerian myth, though it was written down during the Babylonian Empire; - Gilgamesh and the Atrahasis have similar narrative patterns to Greek myths; - Early contact between Greece and Egypt is well documented, and scholars question how much African influence, through Egypt, made its way into Greece. Myths from Ancient Rome: - Rome’s mythological system was transformed by contact with Greece; - Roman stories like that of Romulus and Remus predate contact with the Greeks, but most Roman myths have obvious Greek origins. - Most Roman myths aren’t sacred narratives, but this does not make the not myths. How do we make sense of Classical Myths? - Each chapter divided into 4 sections: + History : addresses the form and content of myths, provides an overview of the chapter’s subject in context; + Theory : surveys the ways scholars have explained the function of myth; + Comparison : looks at myths from neighboring societies to offer a regional perspective; + Reception : studies modern and contemporary art that depicts and interprets Greek myths. Why study Classical Myths? - Mythic forms of thinking still inform how we view and understand the world in the 21 st century, according to philosopher Mary Midley. - Understanding our myths is the first step toward not being controlled by them. RELATED QUESTIONS: 1. Theogony: Vast network of Greek gods and goddesses. 2. Olympian: Gods who were imagined to dwell on mount Olympus in the skies. 3. Early Bronze Age: 3000-2100 BCE 4. Middle Bronze Age: 2100-1600 BCE 5. Late…………………..(Mycenaean): 1600-1150 BCE 6. Iron Age: 1150-750 BCE 7. Archaic Period: 750-490 BCE 8. Classical Period: 490-323 BCE 9. Hellenistic Period: 323-30 BCE 10. Imperial Roman Period: 30 BCE - 476 CE 11. Mythological Corpus: A group of myths - particular society, religious group within a society, or even a work of art that epitomizes a society’s aesthetic values (network and form, content and function). 12. Myth: Religious, political and cultural values. 13. Rome: Conquered Greece in 146 BCE 14. Ancient Athens: 12 gods 15. Function of a myth: refers to the purpose that a myth serves for individuals, groups or society as whole. 16. Content of a myth: is composed of the religious, political and cultural values and meanings about self, society, cosmos that it offers, which are often hidden in a myths metaphors, symbols, images and stories.

17. Greek word “mythos” mean: Mythos mean word, speech, tale or a story. Essentially, myth is a story. Myths may be a story narrated orally, given in written form, or through no words at all such as through art. 18. Classical mythology?: is both the body of and the study of myths from the ancient greeks and romans as they are used or transformed by cultural reception. 19. Give 2 reasons why modern distinction between myth/legend/folktale is not always helpful when discussing Greek myth?: + there’s a lot of crossover in these definitions; + there’s a lot of crossover within myths. 20. What kinds of truths do modern day myths/urban legends contain?: moral truths that can be applied modern life. 21. Logos (contrast to mythos): understanding the world through logic and reason. 22. 3-point definition: - Form: Oral-oral traditions literary-product of single literary author visual-paintings, statues, etc no matter the form, the myth will contain elusive symbols and metaphors. - Content: the elusive nature of the symbols and metaphors inspires the audience to engage with the myth the content is encoded in the myth's elusive symbols and metaphors the audience attempts to understand the symbols and metaphors and to make them no longer elusive- to discover the content content-important information concerning broad frame-works, such as: cultural customs, political structures, religious and ritual structures, and cosmology. - Function: Discovering and digesting the content encoded in the elusive symbols and metaphors allows the audience to integrate their individual experience into the broad frame-works or put another way, the function of a mythological corpus is to help an individual find one's place in (cultural customs, political structures, religious and ritual structures, cosmology) 23. 4 functions of mythology: (Joseph Campbell): Metaphysical/ Mystical + Cosmological + Sociological + Pedagogical. 24. Myth in archaic period (750-489 BCE): foundational: definition of deities, mythic figures, and the shape of the narratives become relatively set. Oral and visual. Ex: Homer (Iliad & Odyssey), Hesiod (Theogony & Works & Days), Homeric Hymns. 25. Myth in classical period(489-323BCE) inquisitive: myth is used to explore and interrogate established cultural narratives and norms literary. Ex from ancient Greek tragedy: Aeschylus (Oresteia- notions of justice), Sophocles (Antigone- power/gender roles), Euripides (Bacchae-notions of what the divine is). 26. Myth in Hellenistic period and beyond (323BCE- 500CE): retrospective: myth imitates myth from earlier eras in a learned, self-referential and highly stylized manner. Literary and visual. Ex: Callimachus, therocritus, ovid (roman), virgil (roman). CHAP 2: History: A Greek Creation Story - Reflect understanding of how the world works. - Set ethical, social and religious patterns for a society. - Provide explanations of the order of a society. Hesiod’s Theogony: - Began as oral history, recorded sometime in the archaic period. - Many scholars assume Hesiod is more fiction than fact. - Not considered sacred by ancient Greeks. - The work is not a single integrated poem but rather a collection of different types of oral poems: hymns (praise poems to the gods), catalogues (lists of places or events such as divine marriages and births), and dramatic tales (epic narratives with divine protagonists who take action). - Notice how all of these types are reflected in the long excerpt from Hesiod. Are they integrated into a coherent whole? How would the poem's structure have aided the memory for oral presentation? The Late Bronze Age: Mycenae was an important Bronze Age settlement in Greece. It was a fortified settlement, probably the home of the king (wanax), located on a hilltop. - Communities had complex social and economic networks. - Farmers and herders paid taxes in kind. - All classes served in the army. - Slavery was common. - Bronze Age settlements disappear soon after 1200 BCE. The Iron Age: Asca: the Iron Age is named after its use of iron for tools and weapons. - Few records remain from this period. - Hesiod’s Works & Days was composed at the end of this period. - Takes place in Ascra, on Mount Helicon in Boetia. - Hesiod's description of Ascra is backed up by the archeological record. - Kings have lost central authority. - Most residents are small, independent farmers. The Archaic Period: Olympia: - Towns developed into robust communities. - As kings gained more power and became tyrants, Greek cities developed a collective identity as a demos. The Archaic Period & Panhellenism: - Hellenic identity developed during the Archaic Period. - Maintained by Panhellenic sanctuaries and festivals. - Oral performances of works by Homer and Hesiod developed a shared understanding of gods and goddesses. - Led to a gradual homogenization of belief and worship. - Local variations on the traits and worship of gods remained. Alternative creation stories: - Philosophers of the Archaic Period imagined that a substance or process created the universe. - Orphic creation stories include gods not found in Hesiod. - Early gods were Phanes, Protogonus, Chronus as well as Zeus and Earth. The Theogony: Hesiod was instrumental in shaping Panhellenic ideas of the gods. - Theogony was a collection of oral poems. - Hymns. - Catalogues. - Dramatic Tales. - Described the Greek understanding of the creation of the universe. Hymns: Meant to be recited aloud. - Primary purpose is prayer to and praise of the gods/

democracy and defeat of Persia, Athens was at its most wealthy and powerful. - The play reflects questions about Zeus’ role as king. Theory: Universal questions shape myth: - Modern scholars approach myths in 2 ways: + They study them within their unique historical contexts. + They study the shared features of myths from several societies. - Wendy Doniger attempts to bridge these 2 approaches with her studies of Hindu myths: + Argues that scholars must use a variety of approaches to myths in order understand the shared experiences behind them. + Uses historical linguistics to draw out similarities in myths from Indo-European- speaking cultures. Comparison: Levant: Flood stories - In the Ancient Near East, floods were considered sacred. - They were signs of divine displeasure or favor. - The Epic of Gilgamesh tells the story of humanity being saved from a flood by Utnapishtim, who was told by god Ea to build a boat. - The Babylonian Epic of Atrahasis tells a similar story. - A Greek myth depicting Zeus as the destroyer of humanity and Prometheus as it’s savior has many similarities with Near Eastern flood myths. In flood story from Hebrew bible, there is no other god to save them. Reception: Leda and the Swan in Modernist poetry - Modern artist Marie Laurencin conceived of the encounter between Leda and the swan as a gentle seduction. - Similar to the retelling of the story in ‘Leda’ by modernist H.D. - In contrast, William Butler Yeats depicts the encounter as a violent rape. CHAP 4: History: Life and Death: Demeter and Hades: Demeter was the goddess of fertility. - Her mysteries, rites practiced in her honor at Eleusis, linked her to death. - Hades was the god of the underworld, brother of Zeus. - They are bound by the myth of the rape of Persephone, daughter of Demeter, by Hades. Hades: - The other gods have an aversion to Hades because of his association with death. - He was not the judge or punisher of the dead, so not feared by humans. - Hades was associated with caves, but there are not temples or festivals in his honor. The Underworld: - The underworld was divided from the lands of the living by 5 rivers. - Charon, the boatman, escorted souls across them and into Hades. - Cerberus, the many-headed guard dog, also prevents souls from leaving. - After death, souls wander eternally throughout the Underworld. - Punishments are reserved for special cases, as are rewards. Funerary Rituals: In greece, they served ti help the soul of the dead reach the Underworld. - Women prepared the body for burial. - Burials were accompanied by mourning songs and a feast. - offerings continued to be made to the dead for a month afterward. Demeter: - Rituals tied Demeterto the annual agricultural cycle. - The Proerosia was a ritual plowing of the fields. - The Haloa used fertility symbols to ensure the safety of the planted seeds. - Both were performed solely by women. Thesmophoria: A Fertility Ritual: - Another all-female rituality used similar symbols to the Haloa. - For 3 days, women worshiped Demeter and Persephone. - Fertility symbols used sympathetic magic to associate agricultural fertility with human fertility. The Eleusinian Mysteries: - Home describes Demeter as wandering to Eleusis in search of Persephone. - She demands that a temple be built for her, and Persephone’s return from the Underworld symbolizes the benefits that initiates in Demeter’s mysteries will gain after death. - New members are initiated into the mysteries early in a weeklong festival. - Once initiated, they were able to take part in the secret rituals within the temple itself. Theory: Myths reinforce social norms - ‘Goddess feminists’ are individuals who study the spiritua; dimensions if feminism. - ‘Matriarchy studies’ is the study of societies where women held power. - Marija Gimbutas imagined a Neolithic Europe of female-led egalitarian societies. - Classicist Helen P. Foley considers how women were empowered by the worship of goddesses like Demeter. - To Foley, myths like Demeter’s teach Greek women to accept patriarchal rule. Comparison: Mesopotamia The Sumerians first occupied Mesopotamia around 5000BCE. There were conquered by the Akkadians and the mingling of the 2 languages and cultures led to a unique set of Mesopotamian beliefs and myths. Dying and Rising Gods: - Both the Sumerians and Akkadians have myths that describe a goddess going to the Underworld in search of her love. - Other gods like the Greek Adonis and the Phrygian Attis are believed to annually descend to the Underworld and return. - Persephone is unique as the only female. Reception: Persephone in Contemporary Women’s Poetry: - Contemporary poets have pursued the question of Persephone’s agency. - Rita Frances Dove turns the story of Persephone into a modern narrative of rape. - Rachel Zucker describes a Persephone who goes with Hades willingly. - Alison Townsend focuses on Persephone’s experience of the loss of her mother. CHAP 5: History: Love and Strife Aphrodite and Eros: - are associated with desire and romance. - Eros is either Aphrodite’s son or companion. - Their behavior is fickle, representing the nature of desire. - They are also associated with conflict and violence, as in Sophocles’ Antigone. History: Love and Strife: - There are 2 stories of Aphrodite’s birth: she is either the daughter of Zeus and Dione, or produced when Uranus was castrated by Cronus. - Her title of Philommedes represents her association with sexual desire unmitigated by social consideration. - It can also be translated as ‘laughter-loving’.

Marriage and Love: - Brides prayed to Aphrodite before their wedding day. - Aphrodite is often depicted with Harmonia (Harmony), Peitho (Persuasion), and the Erotes (Eros, Longing, and Desire). - Their winged nature indicates that the emotions Aphrodite inspires are impossible to restain. - In Greek myths, the desire inspired by Aphrodite disrupts marriage more often than it sustains it. Humor and Laughter: - Among the gods, Aphrodite is often connected with humor. - Aphrodite’s adulterous relationship with Ares gets her laughed at, but also represents the dangerous consequences of infidelity. - The myth of Aphrodite and Adonis furthered her association with laughter, as represented in the Adonia, a festival celebrated only by women. Civic Harmony: - Aphrodite, with Peitho (Persuasion) played a traditional role in the establishment and governance of cities. - Governance of cities required of husbands and wives with the bonds among citizens. - Aristotle compared the bonds of husbands and wives with the bonds among citizens. - She was worshiped as Aphrodite Pandemos in Athens for her role as a unifier. - She was frequently worshiped in ports and harbors, anywhere where cooperation was necessary. Hephaestus: - Aphrodite’s husband was Hephaestus, the god of metallurgy. - He has few sanctuaries and festivals and was rarely worshiped. - Hephaestus was unique among the gods because of his lameness. - He was associated with fire and volcanoes, and manufacturing and technology. - Hephaestus is an unlike husband for Aphrodite, the most beautiful of the gods, and was frequently laughed at. Ares: - is a war god, the son of Zeus and Hera. - He and Aphrodite have 3 kids: Deimos (Terror), Phobos (Fear), Harmonia (Harmony). - He represents aggression and destruction rather than courage or strategy. - His affair with Aphrodite represents the dangers of powerful emotions like lust and aggression. Eros: Eros was either Aphrodite's son or her companion. - He is the animating force that propels all creatures to reproduce and thrive. - He is shown with arrows which were believed to induce love. - Aphrodite and Eros attracted the attention of many philosophers, who treated them as metaphors to explain passion, love, and lust. From Eros to Cupid: - In Classical Athens, Eros was depicted as an adolescent boy. - He represented a social practice wherein older men developed sexual relationships with younger men, which was thought to benefit their development into mature citizens. - Later he was transformed into a group of infants. - By Roman times, infant Cupids had little association with Eros' role as a god of desire. Theory: How myths challenge social norms. - Anthropologists have discovered that men and women often participated in and interpreted social practices differently, especially in sex-segregated societies like ancient Greece. - Classicist John J. Winkler tries to explore how individual women might use myths and rituals like the Adonia to criticize social norms. - He suggests that the laughter associated with the Adonia may have represented women laughing at male impotence. - Most textual evidence from ancient Greece was written by men, and therefore is not a reliable depiction of the lives of women. Comparision: Ishtar and Aphrodite - Aphrodite was associated with the island of Cyprus, the place of her birth, where the Phoenician goddess Astarte was also worshiped. - Over time the traits of these goddess blended in a process called syncretism. - Statues of Aphrodite from Cyprus closely resemble those of Astarte. - Astarte shares many attributes with the Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar, which are then transferred to Aphrodite. - Both are associated with fertility, sexuality, war, and the sea, both have a male consort who dies. - Both have powers which are contained by or associated with their clothing. Reception: Pygmalion in Hollywood - Ovid tells the story of Pygmalion, a sculptor who is disgusted by prostitution associated with the worship of Aphrodite. - Instead of a real woman, Pygmalion creates a statue of a beautiful woman and falls in love with it. - Aphrodite brings the statue to life, and Pygmalion marries her. - The tale of Pygmalion has been a popular theme in contemporary cinema, and has been used to consider both social questions and questions of romance and desire. - Pygmalion ensures his own emotional autonomy by loving an object, not a woman. -George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion attempted to lampoon the British class system rather than the romantic foibles of his lead character. - Pretty Woman focuses instead on the romantic relationship between the two characters and the potential for Vivian to redeem Edward from being emotionally dead. - In Lars and the Real Girl, Lars’ relationship with a doll leads to real relationship. QUIZ QUESTIONS: 1. Who is Heracles's last wife? Hebe 2. According to lecture, what happened to Apollo's opponent in a music contest: -> Apollo skinned him alive. 3. According to lecture, which of these transformations happened to one of Apollo's lovers? -> She turned into a tree 4. The name of the goddess not invited to Thetis' marriage can be translated: -> Strife 5. According to lecture, what was a bit odd

54. In Iliad Book One, what did Agamemnon do that made Achilles so angry? -> Steal his war prize. 55. According to Hesiod in the Theogony, how did Kronos come to rule the gods? -> Kronos cut off Hevaen's genitals and took over his power. 56. Why did the goddess Thetis marry a human? Her son was destined to be stronger than his father. 57. According to lecture, what part of the story of a Greek god is due to misunderstanding the meaning of a word? -> Aphrodite was born from sea foam. 58. According to lecture, whose theory focuses on the importance of Charter Myths? (Last name only) -> Malinowski 59. According to lecture, who was sold into slavery to buy food? -> Mestra 60. What is Zeus' weapon of choice? -> Thunderbolt 61. According to Hesiod in the Theogony, what powers do leaders get from the Muses? -> Persuasive speech and good judgment. 62. When Demeter first entered the house of Metaneira, what did she do? -> Sat in gloomy silence until a woman of the house made her laugh. 63. Which divinity was not invited to the marriage of Thetis, with famous results? -> Eris 64. When all the gods begged Demeter to restore the crops, how did she react? -> She refused. 65. According to lecture, what happened to those who were not allowed into Charon's boat? -> They wandered as ghosts. 66. According to lecture, what did people think the original name of the Allan Water was? -> Helen Water. 67. What was Max Muller's explanation for the myth of the death of Heracles? -> came from description of sunset. 68. Who was the real father of Heracles? -> Zeus 69. What is cher epi karpo symbolic of, as discussed in class? -> A man's domination over his wife. 70. What does Heracles' name mean? Glory of Hera. 71. According to lecture, the myth of Harpocrates as god of silence was the result of people misunderstanding statues of what other god? Horus. 72. According to Hesiod in the Theogony, power passed several times from one god or group of gods to another. How? -> Violence 73. Why did Leto have a difficult birth with Apollo? -> Hera would not let the goddess of childbirth be with her. 74. According to lecture, what happened to the follower of Artemis who got herself a boyfriend? -> She was turned into a bear. 75. According to lecture, whose theory connected the origin of myth with magic and ritual? (Last name only) -> Frazer 76. According Mueller's theory in lecture, what phase of primitive language development would one expect to commonly find riddles and obscure sayings? -> Enigmatic Phase 77. In explaining the death of Heracles, in Mueller's theory, who was the demon of the night? -> Deianira. 78. According to lecture, what is the aegis? -> A goatskin garment often worn by Athena. 79. In Iliad Book 1, why did the priest Chryses approach Agamemnon. -> He wanted to ask for the return of his daughter. 80. According to lecture, what is a difference between magic and religion. -> Magic coerces higher powers such as the gods; religion persuades these powers. 81. What was the Judgment of Paris about? -> The beauty of certain goddesses 82. What god did Agamemnon offend before sailing to Troy? -> Artemis. 83. According to lecture, who spent part of the year as Aphrodite's lover and part as Persephone's? -> Adonis 84. Why did Heracles have to perform the 12 labors? -> He killed his wife and children 85. What causes the truce of Book 4 to be broken? -> Athena convinces an archer to shoot Menelaus. 86. According to lecture, what did Mueller believe might have been the cause for the long-winded myth of Heracles? -> Later generations did not understand that Heracles meant the sun. 87. According to lecture, what was often depicted on vases meant to be used by Greek brides preparing for their wedding? -> Pursuit and abduction 88. Where was Agamemnon's army stranded by contrary winds? -> Aulius 89. According to lecture, the relationship between Poseidon and his wife some time resembled that of Zeus and Hera? What story was used to make this point? -> The story of Scylla 90. What two conflicting qualities was Heracles known for? -> Strength and appetite. 91. What is the main theme of the Iliad as illustrated in Book 1, and also the first word of the epic poem? -> Rage 92. Which statement best describes Leto's attempt to find a place to give birth? -> She was rejected by all but once place. 93. According to lecture, how did Menelaus become king of a powerful city? -> He married Helen. 94. As discussed in class, what was one thing ancient Greek marriage was often associated with that was symbolized in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter? Abduction 95. According to lecture, on the final day of the festival of Demeter and Persephone, certain items were retrieved from a pit. What is the name of the day? -> Kalligeneia 96. What are the alternate versions of the myth about Agamemnon's favorite daughter? -> In one she dies, in the other she is rescued 97. According to lecture, what god's name may mean "shining one"? -> Zeus 98. What was Paris raised as before he became prince? -> Herdsman 99. The gates of the underworld were guarded by? -> Cerberus 100. What is Kronos's generation of gods called? -> Titans 101. What happened in the first place Apollo chose for his great temple? -> The local goddess convinced him that the place would be too crowded and noisy.

102. According to lecture, who was Poseidon's wife? -> Amphitrite 103. According to lecture, what Greek word meant "heiress"? -> Epikleros 104. How did Hermes disguise his footsteps while stealing? -> Made sandals to look like centaur hooves 105. Who was the mother of Heracles? -> Alcmene 106. What does Hermes do for souls of the dead? -> Leads them to the underworld. 107. According to Hesiod in the Theogony, how did Kronos come to rule the gods? -> Kronos cut off Hevaen's genitals and took over his power. 108. Bronze Age: 3000-1200 BCE (No defensive walls in palace of Knossos — lion gate Mycenae) 109. Iron Age/Dark Age: 1200-800 BCE (small villages; cheaper funeral; no writing) 110. Archaic Age: 800-480 BCE (Efforts to unify; reemergence of writing) 111. Classical Age: 480-323 BCE (Alexander the great dies) 112. Hellenistic Age: 323-30 BCE (cleopatra dies) 113. Rome 753 BCE: Founding of Rome; Regal period; period of foundation myths 114. Rome 509 BCE: Expulsion of the kings, beginning of republic 115. Rome 31 BCE: Victory of Octavian (later known as Augustus); end of republic; start of principate = empire Romans ruled Mediterranean. 116. Muthos: Authoritative utterance 117. Epichoric: In a specific spot 118. Panhellenic: Relating to all of Greece 119. Myth: A socially powerful tradtional story. 120. Antropomorphic: Human in form 121. Didactic: Teaching poem 122. Multiform: A story that has the same basic plot sequence, themes, and characters but the names of characters and the settings are changed. 123. Cosmogony: an account of the universe’s origins. 124. Cosmology: A metaphysical statement about the universes nature and purpose. 125. Autochthonous: Born from the Earth. 126. Orthopraxy: doing it right 127. Do ut des: I give so that you give 128. Chryselephantine: Fashioned of gold and ivory 129. Parthenogenesis: Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. 130. Gaea: original parthenogenesis goddess. 131. Eleusis “Doso”: I will give 132. Ceres: Demeter (latin word for grain) 133. Ericthonius: son of Athena + Hephaestus 134. Multiform: having or occuring in many forms 135. Rhapsodes: recite homeric poems 136. Sparagmos: being shredded apart alive 137. Brauronia: initiation ritual overseen by Artemis for young girls before marriage at Brauron, related to reproduction, girls return home prepared for changes that marriage brings to them. 138. Delphi: “womb” home of Apollo 139. Omphalos: navel 140. Python: primordial snake 141. Stepterion: initiation in delphi 142. Psychopompos: soul guide 143. Ithyphallic: erect phallus 144. Hubris: excessive pride 145. Peripeteia: reversal 146. Anagnorisis: recognition (scnene) 147. Omnipotence: all-powerful 148. Metatheater: a play within a play. CHAP 1 MORE INFORMATION - What is a myth? -> Comes from the Greek word mythos meaning word, speech or story. -> Definition of Myth is a traditional story with collective importance. - Types of Myth: -> Divine myth, true myth: myth of the gods. Supernatural beings. Relationship between man and gods. Analogous to "science". Often "etiological" (causes, origms, explanatory). -> Saga or legend: Humans, usually aristocracy (King, Queen). Rooted in fact. Analogous to "history". Saga= "Spoken". -> Folktales: Ordinary humans and animals. Universal experiences. Fantastic adventures. Fable = animals. Fairytale = traditional, magical, moral. - Myth and religion: "closely entwined" - Greek Sources: • Homer (epic): Iliad, Odyssey. • Homeric Hymns • Hesiod: Theogony • Lyric: Pindar, Bacchylides • Tragedy: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides • Comedy: Aristophanes • Epic: Apollonius, Argonautica - How are myths transmitted: + Oral + Literature + Painting + Sculpture + Music + Dance + Drama + Cinema - Age of Colonization: 800-600 BC + City states +Athens and Sparta +Parthe non: 438 BC - Hellenistic Age: 323-30 BC + 323 BC: Alexander the Great’s Death + 30 BC: Final defeat of Cleopatra THE QUEST FOR THE GODS: - What relevance and meaning do the gods have on society today? -> The vision: the classical “greek” idea of things. - Golden Age” of Greece: 500 B.C. -> Peak age of philosophical thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, etc. - There are 14 gods. 7 gods, and 7 goddesses in greek mythology. -> “Religion is very similar to greek mythology, but instead of thinking how God made humans in his image, humans made the gods in their image”. - The Parthenon - “one of the most perfect poems set in stone”: -> Dedicated to Athena. She is the protector of the city. -> City is named after her. “Athens” - Athena. -> She is a weaver, peacemaker, leader, and protector using her compassion, strength and intelligence. - Poseidon and Athena constantly quarreled for the city state in Rome, so King Cecrops decided

40. The belief that the story of cronos mediates between the opposites of birth and death is inspired by which myth theory?: Structuralism (polar opposites-Levi Strauss) 41. "The dragon that guards the spring." and " An abused youngest sister of 3." are examples of what? Folktale Motif 42. The idea that dreams reflected deeper truths about the universe is part of which interpretation of myth? Freud's Psychological Theory of Interpretation 43. Mother of Hermes : Maia 44. The seeds of which fruit determined how many months Persephone had to spend with Hades? Pomegranate 45. The owl and the olive tree are associated with the virgin goddess : Athena 46. Tiresias was changed into a woman because he : Struck and wounded mating snakes. 47. Tithonus was granted immortality but not eternal youth and eventually turned into a? Cricket 48. Tragedy in Greek means: Goat song 49. Zeus ate (blank) and gave birth to Athena : Metis 50. What are hoplites? Armored greek foot soldiers 51. What gift did Gaea present to Hera as a wedding gift? -> A tree with golden apples 52. What institutions was thought to toughen males as warriors: "Mens House" (New guinea) 53. What is Psychopompos? Guide of souls to afterlife (Hermes) 54. What is the name of the institution that developed in greece because it is a barren and dry land? Custom of Xenia: hospitality to foreigners 55. What is the name of the half-human creatures with erect phalluses and horse's ears and tails? Satyr 56. What is the proper order of the 5 races of humanity according to Hesiod, Earliest to latest left to right: Golden age, Silver age, Bronze age, Heroic age, Iron age. 57. What prevented cronus from swallowing Zeus? Rhea tricked Cronus by wrapping a stone in Zeus' swaddling clothes 58. What punishment did artemis bestow upon callisto? Turned her into a bear and had to wonder woods forever. She was killed by her son Arcus. 59. What is the literal meaning of soul in Greek (psyche)? The soul, mind, spirit, or invisible animating entity which occupies the physical body. 60. What was Sisyphus' punishment? To roll a boulder up a hill and have it roll back down before he can get it over the top for eternity 61. How was Dionysus born? From the thigh of Zeus 62. What word from Greek means "saying something in a different way" or "saying something different from what appears to be said?" -> Allegory 63. Which of Apollo's loves accept a gift of having as many years of life as the grains of sand that she could scoop up with her hands, but failed to ask for a lasting youth to accompany her long life? Cumaean Sibyl 64. What are the features of myth according to the anthropologist Robert Winzeler: A story, personalities, story must be believed, larger than life, and no known authors 65. According to Ovid, who was the creator of humans? Prometheus 66. Describe the characteristics of roman mythology: Took greek myth and made it roman, had tombstones, and believed in ghosts and vampires 67. Provide a working definition for "myth" used in class : Sacred narrative, important information in symbolic form, event and experience, model for telling people about categories that define their world. 68. Describe the historical allegory of Euhemerism? The Gods were originally great men or kings that ended up being worshiped after death. 69. Which gods or goddess were born from Zeus alone: Dionysus and Athena 70. Pair of gods that are social and political opposites : Apollo (aristocrats) and Dionysus (common folk) 71. List a dozen sons of Zeus: Aeachs, Angelos, Apollo, Ares, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Hercules, Hermes, Minos, Perseus, Rhadamanthus, Kairos/caerus. 72. Who killed Orpheus? Maenads (Devotees of Bacchus) 73. List the olympian gods : Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Hermes, Hestia, Dionysus. Poseidon is the god of Sea, Earthquakes, Horses, and Storms 74. Which scholar came up with the concept of Archetype: Carl Jung 75. Which theory of myth is Carl Jung: Archetype (collective unconscious) 76. Which theory of mythology is based on the binary organization of the human mind? Structural theory 77. Which theory of myth believes that the purpose of myth was to serve as a justification to the way things are? Charter 78. Who are known as the two goddesses: Persephone and Demeter 79. Which type of myth is based more on people of the recent past rather than gods and the creation of the world? -> Legends 80. While Orpheus was retrieving Eurydice from the underworld, what was the one condition of his permission to do so? -> Not to look back as he ascended from the underworld while his wife was still in the darkness. 81. Who are the goddesses of charm, nature, beauty, human creativity, and fertility? Charites (Gratine), Aglaea, Euphrosyne, Thalia. 82. Who bathed in the river Pactolus to rid himself of Dionysus' gift? -> Midas 83. Carved himself a statue with delicate skill of ivory, pure white, possessing a beauty greater than any mortal women could imagine: Pygmalion 84. Name a cultural group who created a city-state by 3000 BCE : Sumerian Civilization 85. Name 3 individuals who return from the underworld: Dionysus, Orpheus, Hercules.

86. The 3 brothers who rule the sky, ocean and underworld: Zeus (sky), Poseidon (ocean), Hades (underworld) 87. Who kills Pentheus in Euripides' Bacchae? Agave, driven mad by Dionysus, proceeds to rip her son to death 88. Associated with volcanoes and the cyclopes which lame god was once cast down from heaven? Hephaestus