HW study guide 1.4

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Anthropology

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Apr 3, 2024

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16. If the idea of natural selection was Charles Darwin's first insight on evolution, which of the following would best describe Darwin's second insight? a. Earth changed over the years through many catastrophic events. b. All species have descended from one or a few common ancestors, but they do not resemble one another in many respects c. Populations tend to increase faster than the food supply d. All species have descended from one or a few common ancestors; species that share a recent common ancestor tend to resemble one another in many respects. i. The second of Darwin's insights centers on the common ancestry of all living things. Darwin hypothesized that all species have descended from one or a few common ancestors. Species that share a recent common ancestor tend to resemble one another in many respects precisely because they share recent common ancestry. Darwin also confirms that species originate from preexisting species. It was Thomas Malthus who proposed the idea of population growth and Georges Cuvier who advocated catastrophism. 17. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was likely the first to propose a process for evolutionary change, and connected that process to environmental fit. However, he is most famous for his process being wrong. What was this process he proposed? a. Lamarck proposed that characteristics were acquired during the lifetime of an organism as a result of chance, but if the traits were beneficial to the organism's survival, they were passed down to their offspring b. Lamarck proposed that characteristics were acquired during the lifetime of an organism as a result of the organism's habits and these acquired traits were passed down to their offspring c. Lamarck proposed that traits were inherited from the parents and that traits that were beneficial to the organism's survival were passed on to their progeny d. Lamarck proposed that inherited traits were passed to offspring, but only those traits that were beneficial to the organism's survival were passed on to their offspring i. Although Lamarck is primarily known for proposing the wrong process, what was important was that he actually proposed a process based on observation and he connected the traits observed in the organisms to environmental fit. With our modern understanding of genetics, we know that traits are not acquired, although environment can certainly influence phenotype. 18. Patrick Matthew published a theory very similar to Charles Darwin's theory in his obscure work On Naval Timber and Arboriculture, although he was not widely recognized for his ideas. What did the theories of Matthew and Darwin share and what was different?

a. Both theories recognized common descent and natural selection, but Matthew did not discuss the genetic basis for inheritance. b. Both theories recognized common descent in all living organisms, but Matthew did not discuss natural selection c. Both theories recognized natural selection, but Matthew did not discuss common descent. d. Both theories recognized common descent and natural selection, but Matthew attributed inheritance to acquired traits while Darwin recognized the genetic basis for inheritance. i. Matthew's work remained relatively obscure due to being in a publication that did not appeal to those studying diversity and because his ideas on natural selection were primarily written in his notes and the appendix. Darwin did recognize Matthew's ideas on natural selection as being "precisely the same view" as his own. 19. The Greek philosopher __________ was among the first to propose a theory that attempted to explain the diversity of living forms, as well as some aspects of adaptation. a. Anaximander b. Empedocles c. Aristotle d. Plato i. Empedocles proposed his ideas about living organisms more than 2500 years ago. He had a suggestion on how animal life originated, without turning to supernatural explanations. He also proposed that organisms seem to be well adapted to their environments. Empedocles wrote that if individuals with body parts assembled from the ground were unable to reproduce, they would become extinct. 20. The idea of spontaneous generation has existed in human thought ever since the earliest written history. Such thoughts prevailed until the seventeenth century, when an Italian physician, Francesco Redi, tested the question on whether flies spontaneously generate from spoiled meat. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding this experiment?

a. In spite of this experiment, spontaneous generation persisted as a theory for some time after. b. After the jars were covered with a solid lid, no eggs or maggots were found in the meat c. Redi's experiment demonstrated that maggots did not arise through spontaneous generation. d. After the jars were covered with a mesh net, eggs and maggots were found in the meat i. In 1668, Redi performed an early example of a modern experiment that addressed the following question—Are flies spontaneously generated from meat carcasses? When meat rotted, flies appeared, but when he used a solid lid and flies were not allowed to lay eggs, maggots did not appear. He observed the same result (no maggots) when using a mesh net, showing that if the flies had access to the meat and were able to lay eggs, maggots would appear. Since there was not enough understanding on where microorganisms come from (until Louis Pasteur's experiment), the concept of spontaneous generation continued to be believed in scientific circles for some time after that.

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