Cultural Anthropology Week_update

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Essex County College *

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ANT-101

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Cultural Anthropology Dr. Solomon Caudle
Cultural Anthropology Anthropology And Human Diversity
Week 1 – Class 1
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Introductions and Course Overview Instructor Student Introduction – Name – Where do you live – Where are you in your educational process Review of Syllabus
Course Management 1. Communication is vital: I can be contacted at (973) 570 8907 and caudle@gmail.com for personal consultation 2. Absences and Lateness are disruptive to your own process, my process as an instructor and your peer’s process in learning and will be reflected in your grade. 3. My teaching style is motivation and I am extremely student centered but my objective is for you to learn – that means I expect the best from myself and you. 4. Class participation is vital – but requires respect for me as the instructor, your peers and yourself – monitor your own behavior. 5. The summer session is condensed and require you to stay current on readings and assignments. It is your responsible to communicate with me any challenges you are having.
There will be slides that cover the material – but the weekly assigned readings will be provided each Monday. There will several quizzes/exams There will be one presentation (midterm) There will be 2 written assignments (reaction) There will be 1 final paper (final)
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What is Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. To understand the full sweep and complexity of cultures across all of human history, anthropology draws and builds upon knowledge from the social and biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences. A central concern of anthropologists is the application of knowledge to the solution of human problems. Historically, anthropologists in the United States have been trained in one of four areas: sociocultural anthropology, biological/physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics. Anthropologists often integrate the perspectives of several of these areas into their research, teaching, and professional lives (applied anthropology)
Goals of Anthropology Describe, analyze and explain different cultures. Show how groups adapted to their environments and gave meaning to their lives. Comprehend the entire human experience.
An Anthropological Perspective Holistic, comparative, field based, and evolutionary Anthropologists draw on the findings of many different disciplines that study human beings (human biology, economic, religion, etc) Generalizations about human behavior should draw on as wide a range of human groups as possible
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Holistic Anthropologist study specific groups of people with the goal to produce a holistic portrait of that people’s way of life by bringing together information about many different facets of their lives – social – religious – economic – political- linguistic and so forth in order to understand a nuanced context for understanding who they are and why they do what they do
Comparative Anthropologist learned that the patterns of life common in their own societies were not necessarily followed in other societies. Anthropologist consider similarities and differences in a wide range of human societies.
Evolutionary Major branch of anthropology is concerned with the study of biological evolution of the human species over time, including the study of human origins and genetic variety and inheritance in living human populations. Some anthropologist have also been interested in cultural evolution, looking for patterns of orderly change over time in socially acquired behavior that is not carried in the genes
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The Subfields of Anthropology Areas of Specialization Biological Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology Archaeology
Biological Anthropology Looks at human beings at biological organisms Interested in how human beings are different from other organisms. Three main types of biological anthropologist – Primatologist – compare humans to closest other organism (chimpanzee and gorillas) – Paleoanthropologist – study bones and teeth of earlier ancestors – Forensic – Use knowledge of human anatomy to aid law enforcement and human rights investigators
Archaeology Study of past cultures through their material remains. Prehistoric societies are those with no usable written records. – Artifact - A material remain of a past culture. • Archaeologists interpret artifact’s function by precise position in which it was found. – Features are artifacts that cannot easily be moved, such as ruins of buildings, burials, and fire pits.
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Linguistic anthropology Concerned with the study of human language – First to transcribe non-western languages and produce grammars and dictionaries of those languages. Attempt to understand language in the broader, cultural, historical or biological contexts that make it possible.
Cultural Anthropology Sometimes called social anthropology Investigates how variations in the belief and behaviors of members of different human groups is shaped by culture (sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society Many different areas studied specialized domains of human cultural activity – Economic, political and spiritual – Language, art, music, ritual, religion, et al.
Cultural Anthropology The study of human behavior that is learned rather than genetically transmitted, and that is typical of groups of people. Society is the set of social relationships among people within a given geographical area. Culture is the learned behaviors and symbols that allow people to live in groups.
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Examples of Cultural Anthropology Political and legal anthropology - concerned with issues of nationalism, citizenship, the state, colonialism, and globalism. Humanistic anthropology - focused on the personal, ethical, and political choices facing humans. Visual anthropology - the study of visual representation and the media.
Applied Anthropology Using methods and findings of all other types of anthropology to address contemporary problems. Analyze social, political and economic problems and develop solutions . For Example: Cultural anthropologists have been instrumental in promoting the welfare of tribal and indigenous peoples. Indigenous People are groups of people who have occupied a region for a long time and are recognized by other groups as original (or very ancient) inhabitants. – They are often minorities with little influence in the government of the nation-state that controls their land.
Applied Anthropology Using methods and findings of all other types of anthropology to address contemporary problems. For Example: May use a particular groups ideas about illness and health to introduce new public health practices Others apply knowledge from traditional organizations to east the problem of refugees trying to settle in a new land and western methods of cultivation to help farmers increase their crop yields.
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Is Anthropology Science Early anthropologist viewed anthropology as science: 1. The study of the world through the five senses; 2. Believed a rational mind could derive universal, objective truth about the world from material evidence 3. A single scientific method could be applied to any dimension of reality – for the movement of the planets to human sexual behavior
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Cultural Anthropology A tool for understanding what makes people and cultures different and what makes them the same. CULTURE Dr. Solomon Caudle
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Ethnocentrism: is the term anthropologists use to describe the opinion that one's own way of life is natural or correct. Some would simply call it cultural ignorance Cultural Relativism: Is the idea that people from different cultures can have relationships that acknowledge, respect and begin to understand each others diverse lives. People with different backgrounds can help each other see possibilities that they never thought were there because of limitations, or cultural proscriptions, posed by their own traditions.
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Culture is defined as: The word culture has many different meanings. For some it refers to an appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food. For a biologist, it is likely to be a colony of bacteria or other microorganisms growing in a nutrient medium in a laboratory Petridish.
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What is Culture? However, for anthropologists and other behavioral scientist…. Culture is defined as: A specific set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals that are characteristic of a particular society or population.
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Culture as a Learned Characteristic Culture is learned and passed down from previous generations. This is also called Enculturation It is not something an individual is born with.
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Layers of Culture There are very likely three layers or levels of culture that are part of your learned behavior patterns and perceptions. Level 1 Most obviously is the body of cultural traditions that distinguish your specific society. When people speak of Italian, Samoan, or Japanese culture, they are referring to the shared language, traditions, and beliefs that set each of these peoples apart from others. In most cases, those who share your culture do so because they acquired it as they were raised by parents and other family members who have it.
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Level 2 The second layer of culture that may be part of your identity is a subculture . In complex, diverse societies in which people have come from many different parts of the world, they often retain much of their original cultural traditions. As a result, they are likely to be part of an identifiable subculture in their society. The shared cultural traits of subculture set them apart from the rest of their society.
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Layers of Culture Examples of easily identifiable subcultures in the United States include ethnic groups such as Vietnamese Americans, African Americans, and Mexican Americans. Members of each of these subcultures share a common identity, food tradition, dialect or language, and other cultural traits that come from their common ancestral background and experience. As the cultural differences between members of a subculture and the dominant national culture blur and eventually disappear, the subculture ceases to exist except as a group of people who claim common ancestry. That is generally the case with German Americans and Iris Americans in the United States today. Most of them identify themselves as American first. They also see themselves as being part of the cultural mainstream of the nation.
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LEVEL 3 The third layer of culture consists of cultural universals. These are learned behavior that are shared by all of humanity collectively. No matter where people live in the world, they share these universal traits Examples of such "human cultural" traits include:
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Culture as an agent of Environmental Adaptation The material objects and customs produced by a group of people are influenced by the environment around them. For example: The types of tools and the materials that they are manufactured out of are determined by what is available. No stone? Then your tools will be made out of wood, bone, or antler. This is a problem for archaeologists.
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Culture and Society Culture and society are not the same thing. While cultures are complexes of learned behavior patterns and perceptions, societies are groups of interacting organisms. People are not the only animals that have societies. Schools of fish, flocks of birds, and hives of bees are societies. In the case of humans, however, societies are groups of people who directly or indirectly interact with each other. People in human societies also generally perceive that their society is distinct from other societies in terms of shared traditions and expectations. While human societies and cultures are not the same thing, they are inextricably connected because culture is created and transmitted to others in a society. Cultures are not the product of lone individuals. They are the continuously evolving products of people interacting with each other. Cultural patterns such as language and politics make no sense except in terms of the interaction of people. If you were the only human on earth, there would be no need for language or government.
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Two Components of Cultural Anthropology Ethnography and Ethnology
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Ethnography This is the most visible and most widely used research tool in cultural anthropology. Two main components of ethnography: Fieldwork Published results Excellent example of an ethnography is: Lewis H. Morgan League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee Or Iroquois I’ll post the PDF on the Wiki for anyone who is curious.
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Fieldwork Process by which data is gathered from the study location. This can be as far away as Australia or as close as your local delicious and refreshing Starbucks ™
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Publishing Without this part of the anthropological process the rest of the research is wasted. Why do the fieldwork and record the data if no one will ever even have the chance to read it?
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Ethnology This is a comparative study and analysis of the worlds cultures. Uses the ethnographic accounts recorded in the field to formulate broader anthropological theories that help to explain why cultures are different or similar.
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So what’s the difference between Ethnography and Ethnology? Ethnography Detailed description of a culture based on field work. Ethnology Comparing different cultures to try and discover broader patterns that extend across many cultural groups.
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Methodology in the Field Participant Observation Associated with Ethnography This is an anthropological technique used to understand groups of people by interacting with them in their own environment. An anthropologist will go and live with a certain group of people for an extended period of time and this allows for a more complete view of the culture being studied. Informants : These are individuals who assist the Ethnographer in interpreting certain aspects of the culture being observed.
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Bronislaw Malinowski Born 1884 Died 1942 First anthropologist to truly use the Participant Observation technique.
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The Importance of Symbols in Culture Symbols are extremely important to every culture in the world. Symbols can be defined as: Signs, emblems, and other things that can have a meaningful representation of something else that may or may not be related to the physical structure of the symbol itself. Symbols are given meaning by the culture that creates them.
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Does Culture Change? Definitely!! That’s what makes it so exciting to study! For example: In what ways has American society changed from, say, the 1940s to the year 2008? This means that the work is never done for ethnographers. Each culture that is studied should be revisited in order to ascertain how it has changed over a certain period of time. Not always possible but it is the ideal situation.
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Cultural Change The ways in which cultures provide for their people and respond to threats from both outside and within their society is extremely important for understanding the culture as a whole. There is a delicate balance within every culture “The needs of the many out weigh the needs of the few, or the one.”
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Ethnocentric Attitudes This is related to the topic of Cultural Relativity that was previously discussed. This is a common problem among both the general population and anthropologists as well. Ethnocentrism is the idea that one persons culture is superior to other cultures. Everyone, anthropologists included, must constantly try to keep this in check and ensure that attitudes such as this do not pollute the interpretations of any culture being studied. Eliminating these attitudes is one of the primary goals of anthropology in general
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Assignment 1 – Due Tuesday, May 13 View the eight-minute video from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Anthropology Department titled "Doing Anthropology: Thoughts on Fieldwork from Three Research Sites" ( http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/315-doing-anthropology/ ). 1. How does the work that you see in this video influence your understanding of the nature of ethnographic fieldwork and relevancy of cultural anthropology to your life? 1. Having seen how these three projects took shape and the kinds of questions that the ethnographers asked to learn about the subjects of interest to them, think about what is happening in your community that interests you. Write a couple of paragraphs about the project that you would do if you were going to do an ethnography nearby. Who would you want to work with? Why? Minimal 500 words. Cover sheet. Double Space. Answer both questions.
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