Cultural Anthropology - Marriage

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Marriage An anthropological perspective Dr. Solomon Caudle Cultural Anthropology, Summer 1, 2014
Universality All societies recognize families and marriages The details of what this looks like varies from culture to culture. In Indonesia, people typically ask, “Are you married, or not yet?”
Family A social unit characterized by the following economic cooperation the management of reproduction and child rearing common residence. socially approved sexual relations Recognition of rights and responsibilities
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Traditional View of Marriage Marriage is a union between a man and woman such that the children born to the woman are recognized as legitimate offspring of both partners. Royal Anthropological Institute, 1951.
Non-ethnocentric view A relationship between one or more men (male or female) and one or more women (female or male) who are recognized by society as having a continuing claim to the right of sexual access to one another. This recognizes that gender is culturally defined Not all married couple live together Multiple spouses are accepted in many societies In no society do all marriages endure until death
Marriage and Rights Edmund Leach argued that there are several different kinds of rights allocated by marriage. Marriage can establish the legal father of a woman’s children and the legal mother of a man’s. Marriage can give either or both spouses a monopoly in the sexuality of the other. Marriage can give either of both spouses rights to the labor of the other. Marriage can give either of both spouses rights over the other’s property. Marriage can establish a joint fund of property—a partnership—for the benefit of the children. Marriage can establish a socially significant relationship of affinity between spouses and their relatives.
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Functions Stable relationships to regulate sexual mating and reproduction Regulates sexual division of labor. Provides socially sanctioned rules for economic rights and obligations Provides relationships to provide for the material, educational, and emotional needs of children
Mate Selection- Don’t Marry Incest: prohibitions relating to mating with relatives is universal but the precise rules vary. Many rules of incest apply to the choice of spouse for marriage Iranian loss of virginity with young boys by male relatives No nuclear family. However, brothers and sisters of Egyptian, Inca and Hawaiin royalty frequently married First cousin? Cross cousin? Parallel cousin? 24 states forbid first cousin marriage Yanomami consider cross cousins proper, but not parallel cousins Why? Natural aversion? Found to be found in Jewish Kibbutz. Yet 10-15% of people experience incest Prevent inbreeding? Mating with first cousins doesn’t significantly increase the risk of birth defects Family disruption? Too much competition Expanding social alliances? Allows families to create wider social ties
Same-Sex Marriage In the US, since same-sex marriage is illegal, same-sex couples are denied many of these rights (e.g. rights to the labor of the other, over the other’s property, relationships of affinity with the other’s relatives). This does not mean that same-sex marriages, like any other cultural construction, are not capable of meeting these needs; only that in the US laws prevent it from doing so. There are many examples in which same-sex marriages are culturally sanctioned (e.g. the Nuer, the Azande, the Igbo, and the Lovedu).
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Incest and Exogamy Exogamy is the practice of seeking a spouse outside one's own group. This practice forces people to create and maintain a wide social network. This wider social network nurtures, helps, and protects one's group during times of need. Incest refers to sexual relations with a close relative. The incest taboo is a cultural universal. What constitutes incest varies widely from culture to culture.
Incest and Exogamy In societies with unilineal descent systems (patrilineal or matrilineal), the incest taboo is often defined based on the distinction between two kinds of first cousins: parallel cousins and cross cousins. Sexual relations with a parallel cousin is incestuous, because they belong to the same generation and the same descent group. Sexual relations with a cross cousin is not incestuous because they belong to the opposite group or moiety. Specific cultural examples are taken from the Yanomami, the Lakher, and middle class America.
Incest and Exogamy
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a parallel cousin is a cousin from a parent's same-sex sibling a cross cousin is from a parent's opposite-sex sibling.
Mate selection- Who to Marry Exogamy: Marriage outside of a group Endogamy: Marriage within a group Indian caste Race, class, ethnicity, religion Arranged marriages Japanese Omiai or India Cross cousin: mother’s brother’s children or father’s sister’s children- solidifies family ties Parallel cousin: found in Middle East and North Africa as way to prevent fragmentation of family property. Levirate (marry brother or close male relative of dead husband)- looks after wife in patrilineal society and maintains connections between the family Sororate- other way around. In a matrilineal and matrilocal society, a husband can stay with the family. It also allows the bride’s family to keep the bridewealth.
Arranged Marriage In 1996, a recent Iraqi refugee living in Nebraska arranged a double marriage for his two daughters. It was an occasion for a big party. The problem was that his daughters were 13 and 14 and the men were 28 and 34. Marriage in traditional Iraqi society is viewed a union between two large families. Moreover, by marrying young, a woman is protected from the shame of being dishonored by premarital sex Should American law take into account cultural considerations?
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Polygyny Even in cultures which approve of polygamy, monogamy still tends to be the norm, largely because most populations tend to have equal sex ratios. Polygyny is more common than polyandry because, where sex ratios are not equal, there tend to be more women than men. Multiple wives tend also to be associated with wealth and prestige (the Kanuri of Nigeria and the Betsileo are used as examples).
Number of Spouses Utah polygamist Tom Green with his family of five wives and some of his 29 children
Polygyny A photograph of a Masai elder with his wives and children. Photo Credit: DeVore/Anthro-Photo
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Polygyny Even in cultures which approve of polygamy, monogamy still tends to be the norm, largely because most populations tend to have equal sex ratios. Polygyny is more common than polyandry because, where sex ratios are not equal, there tend to be more women than men. Multiple wives tend also to be associated with wealth and prestige (the Kanuri of Nigeria and the Betsileo are used as examples).
Polyandry Polyandry is quite rare, being practiced almost exclusively in South Asia. Among the Paharis of India, polyandry was associated with a relatively low female population, which was itself due to covert female infanticide. Polyandry is usually practiced in response to specific circumstances, and in conjunction with other marriage formats. In other cultures, polyandry resulted from the fact that men traveled a great deal, thus multiple husbands ensured the presence of a man in the home.
Polyandry A polyandrous family in Nepal. The seated young woman is Terribal, age 15. She holds her youngest husband, age 5. Left of her is another husband, age 12 and behind her a third husband, age 9. Photo Credit: Thomas Kelly
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Polyandry YUSHU COUNTY, CHINA - JULY 18: (L-R) La Wen, Cai Zhuo, Gama Sangding and their child Gelai Bajiu pose for a photo in their house located at the downtown area on July 18, 2007 in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, northwest China. The 40-year-old Tibetan woman Cai Zhuo has two husbands who are brothers, 44-year- old La Wen and 41-year-old Gama Sangding.
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Economic considerations Bridewealth: Compensation given by family of groom to the family of the bride-- 46% Compensates the bride’s group for the loss of companionship and labor Bride service Providing of labor rather than goods Dowry Compensation from bride to groom. It is meant to compensate the husbands for the added responsibility of taking care of a woman Found in India, where sati and dowry murders exist Woman exchange Reciprocal exchange: 6%
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Divorce Rules and availability of divorce vary around world In places where love marriages are valued, divorce rates are generally higher.
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Patterns of residence Patrilocal: with or near husband’s father (46%) Matrilocal: With or near relatives of wife (13%) Avunculocal: With or near husband’s mother’s brother (4%) Ambilocal: choice of wife or husband’s relatives (9%) Neolocal: independent residence (5%)
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Who lives in the family Nuclear: based on marital ties Extended: based on blood ties among 3 or more generations Bush Extended family
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Same Sex Marriage On 4/7/09, the Vermont legislature passed a law which overrode Governor Douglas’ veto permitting same sex marriage
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