8.1_Fossils

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James Madison University *

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Biological Anthropology Fossils
Paleoanthropology • How can we reconstruct human evolution? – Paleoanthropology: study of ancient humans (biology and behavior) – Must be multidisciplinary (time period, anatomy, behavior, ecology, geology, etc.)
Fossilization • Trace fossils – remnants of past organisms (coprolites, footprints) • Casts/molds – original material is cast or molded from the surrounding rock • Replacement – minerals replace original organic material
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Taphonomy • Processes that occur after death • Taphonomic bias – Incomplete fossil record – Factors leading to preservation are by chance and luck – Choice of excavation areas (wars, etc.)
Dating Methods • Relative dating • Absolute dating / chronometric dating
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Relative Dating • Stratigraphy • Law of Superposition • PROVENIENCE!!! – Original location of a fossil or artifact
Relative Dating • Biostratigraphic dating (biostratigraphy) – Fauna used to date layer Smilodon californicus (lived 1.6 million to 10,000 years ago)
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• Artifacts used to date Relative Dating: Cultural Dating
Relative Dating: Cultural Dating • Artifacts used to date
Relative Dating: Fluorine Dating • Bone deposited in the ground → loses nitrogen, gains fluorine – Amount of fluorine depends on ground water of local area • Pros and cons: – Bad for providing absolute dates – Good for providing relative dates of things found together
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Relative Dating Fluorine Dating
Piltdown Man
Absolute Dating • Relies on radioactive isotopes – Isotopes (same element but different number of neutrons) differ in their atomic weight Hydrogen Hydrogen isotopes Atomic weight changes
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Absolute Dating: Radiometric Dating • Radioactive decay – Radioactive isotopes of one element that are unstable and disintegrate to form an isotopic variation of another element • Half-life – Time for half of radio-isotopes to decay
Absolute Dating: Radiometric Dating Parent isotope Daughter isotope Exponential distribution
Radiocarbon Dating • Carbon-14 – Incorporated during life, decays after death – C14 is radioactive – C12 and C13 are not • Half-life = 5,730 years • Limit of 75,000-50,000 years • Only organic material (contains carbon)
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Radiopotassium Dating • Used to date igneous rocks – Not the fossil directly! • Potassium-40 decays into Argon-40 – Argon-40 not found in volcanic rock – too hot • Half-life is 1.25 BILLION years • Very old sites only – Specimen should be over 200,000 years old
Dating methods • Lots of other ways to date, but focus on the ones discussed in class
Dating Methods • Which method would you use in the following situations? – Human skeleton found in North America – Fossilized skeleton between two layers of volcanic rock – Skeleton with shell beads – To determine if two skeletons were buried around the same time
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Isotopes and Environment • Oxygen isotopes: – O16/O18 in water – Cold – O16 is lighter, gets trapped in ice – Hot – O16 returns to the water • Oxygen isotope ratios are recorded in shells of marine protozoans ( foraminifera ) • Reconstruct temperatures using record of ratios
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Isotopes and Environment • Stable carbon isotopes (C12 & C13): – C3 photosynthesis – trees, bushes – C4 photosynthesis (saves water) – corn, sugarcane – Presence of C3 vs. C4 plants tells us about the environment • C3 plants = wet and temperate • C4 plants = dry and warm
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