11. Industrialization

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Pennsylvania State University *

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105

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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pptx

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Uploaded by DeanHerring3737

Industrialization

Traditional corn Industrial corn • Concentrated in grain elevators • Traded as a standardized commodity to international markets • Corn ethanol, industrial meat production • Grown as storable calories • Sacks, granaries, ships • Processed as traditional staple foods or processed into added value products (meat, whiskey) Traditional pig slaughter. Time intensive, small scale Industrial slaughter. Machines, dis- assembly lines MEAT

• You’re Gustavus Swift, the owner of a 1900 Chicago meat packing factory. Why do these issues worry you, what do you do? 1. Your competitor, Ogden Armour, has just invested in a much-improved Burford hoist, raising his plant’s productivity 2. You get complaints about the stink of waste running into the Chicago River from your plant 3. A bestselling book describes the unsanitary practices in your industry 4. One of your foremen reports finding leaflets in your plant encouraging German workers to attend a union meeting Example: Industrial (food) technology makes certain types of social behavior normal

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Industrialization changes the shape of the economy Cochrane’s Treadmill • A new technology promises an increase in productivity • Early adopters (who are they?) achieve _______ yields & profits if the technology works (risk) • What happens to later adopters? (Who are they?) • Eventually supply goes ________, prices go __________

• 1850 -75-90 labor-hours were required to produce 100 bushels of corn (2-1/2 acres) with walking plow, harrow, and hand planting • 1890 - 35-40 labor-hours were required to produce 100 bushels (2-1/2 acres) of corn with 2-bottom gang plow, disk and peg-tooth harrow, and 2-row planter. • 1930 - 15-20 labor-hours required to produce 100 bushels (2-1/2 acres) of corn with 2-bottom gang plow, 7-foot tandem disk, 4-section harrow, and 2-row planters, cultivators, and pickers • 1945 - 10-14 labor-hours required to produce 100 bushels (2 acres) of corn with tractor, 3-bottom plow, 10-foot tandem disk, 4-section harrow, 4-row planters and cultivators, and 2-row picker • 1975 - 3-1/3 labor-hours required to produce 100 bushels (1-1/8 acres) of corn with tractor, 5-bottom plow, 20-foot tandem disk, planter, 20-foot herbicide applicator, 12-foot self-propelled combine, and trucks

Who benefits from Cochrane’s Treadmill? • Big farmers or small farmers • Consumers vs. producers • Externalities? (examples)

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What does Cochrane’s Treadmill do to the overall shape of the farm economy?

Summary: Some features of an industrial food system • Focus on speed and material efficiency . Food gets cheap. • Scale is important. Bigger is usually better. Faster is always better. • Scale makes byproducts (and concerns about environmental damage) important. • Distances are larger , markets are global • Investment in capital equipment (trains, tractors, Burford hoists) • Labor is a replaceable part of the system (low skilled) • Considerable specialized technical knowledge in the system (scientists, engineers, accountants) • Standardization and measurement is important • Concentration of wealth and power by the owners

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The Founder (2016) Efficiency – Scale – Speed – By-Products – Costs – Measurements – Expertise - Capital

Values of an industrial food system In this period (C19), much of our food system became industrialized. We use this system today. This change reflects our society’s values just like the simple bread of the stoic Roman republicans did theirs. It’s just harder to see our own values reflected in the food system because this just seems normal to us. Efficiency – Scale – Speed – By-Products – Costs – Measurements – Expertise - Capital

Next time… Quiz 1

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