Exam III Review Sheet Anthropology 1001 Brophy Spring 2023

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Louisiana State University *

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1001

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Review Sheet/Guidelines for Exam III -Brophy What are the main changes that occurred from australopithecines to Homo ? What australopithecine species did we most likely evolve from? What evidence do we have for reorganization and expansion of the human brain? For all fossil genus/species: Know the genus/species, what they date to, where found (and existed), what are their important characteristics and why they are significant Homo habilis characteristics and features of its hand and foot Be able to explain the controversy between ER 1470 and ER 1813; “Homo rudolfensis” Lumpers and Splitters Stone tools: what are they, how do we know how they were made and what were they used for? What type of fracture patterns do we look for at a site when a carnivore has manipulated the assemblage versus when a hominin manipulates the assemblages? Oldowan Industry Lower, Middle and Upper Paleolithic How are brain structure and diet correlated and how do they influence behavior? What cultural features are associated with Homo erectus ? What is significant about the fossil distribution of Homo erectus ? What are some examples of Homo erectus in the Old World? Where was Homo erectus first found? Dubois, Black, Weidenreich Acheulean Industry- when date to, what types of tools “Homo ergaster” vs Homo erectus What are some of the possible anatomical clues to language? Define Archaic Homo sapiens Why is this time frame so controversial? (again, what are they (trends), where are they found, what date to, why significant) What specific fossils were mentioned in class? What is interesting about the taphonomic marks found on Bodo and Florisbad? Why is Atapuerca such an amazing site? “Homo heidelbergensis” Neandertals- morphological features, dates, geographic range, social life, tools, culture Why have Neandertals been considered ignorant for so long? What do we know about their behavior and what evidence do we use to back this up? Levalloisian Technique Mousterian Tool Technology What are some of the cultural advances of archaic Homo sapiens ? What are some of the cultural advances of Neandertals? What are the general characteristics of anatomically modern Homo sapiens (AMHs) When did anatomical humans first appear and where? What are the fossil examples of those first AMHs?

Know the major requirements for each of the theories for the origin of modern humans (I suggest trying to explain it to someone else and seeing if they understand) -What are the assumptions and major lines of support for each hypothesis? Why are Skhul and Qafzeh and St Cesaire important for understanding tool usage among early humans? What are some of the major behavioral changes that took place in the Upper Paleolithic? When did the Upper Paleolithic start? What tool technology is the Upper Paleolithic dominated by? Blade technique, pressure flaking What other types of tools were they using? Temporal, regional and diversity of tools Were these tools used only as weapons? Can you name any examples? Paleolithic Art- portable, parietal; figurative, non-figurative What are Venus figurines and what do they (potentially) represent? Why art? What is race? How might it be similar to subspecies? What is significant about the census? Ethnic groups/ethnicity Phenotype Herodotus, Aristotle What was one of the major developments in Western Europe that led to the concept of race? Linnaeus- essentialism, typological thinking and his classification of humans Biological Determinism Galton- Eugenics Socio-political arena of race Franz Boas Variation within the human species Five objections to race Nationality Clines Adaptation -what is it? -inherited and not inherited -acclimatization -homeostasis -what are the different types we discussed? -what are some of the different examples we discussed? Consider the Physiological, Developmental, Genetic, Cultural/Behavioral Adaptations for the examples we discussed What are the differences between Physiological/Developmental Physiological/ Genetic What are the hypotheses for skin color variation? Bergmann’s and Allen’s Rules Lactose Tolerance/Intolerance

Vasoconstriction/Vasodilation Biomedical Anthropology Epidemiology Mortality, incidence and prevalence rate What is an epidemiological transition and what are the first two? What affects did the first transition have on the health of humans? How does this correlate with population size? What is the age structure and age structure pyramid? What can they tell us about populations? In other words, how does it relate to the second epidemiological transition? What is the biomedical paradigm? Biomedicine What did George Murdock’s work conclude? Review the Case Study about AIDS What is menarche and menopause? Grandmothering hypothesis Pros/cons of agriculture Dawn of Humanity Please keep in mind that this is only a guideline for studying. If it was discussed in the lecture, book, PDF or movie, it is fair material. I just tried to give you some broad guidelines to help you study.  The best way to study would be to answer these terms and questions and then try to put them into the context of the lecture. In other words, try to think of how these terms were applied to different situations in class.  The questions come mainly from lecture and then supplemented from material in the book. If you came to lecture, paid attention and reviewed, you should have no problem.  Be sure to review some of the examples we discussed so when I use them in a question you can remember what we talked about.  Please bring a pencil and your school id  Good luck!

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