Lab 8 (1)
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School
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville *
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Course
222
Subject
Aerospace Engineering
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
5
Uploaded by MajorAtom13903
Izabella Harmon
Exploration 1:
density
pipe diameter
(m)
flow speed
(m/s)
pressure
(kPa)
flow rate
Q = vA m
3
/s)
case 1
water
2 1.6
129.3 5m^3/s case 2
water
3
0.7 130.3 5m^3/s case 3
water
4 0.4 140.3 5m^3/s case 4
gasoline
4
0.4 128.6 5m^3/s
honey
4
0.4 156.5 5m^3/s ●
Do your measurements yield the same volume flow rate for all cases? All The measurements do yield the same flow rate. ●
For a given flow rate, how does the flow speed change as the pipe diameter changes? Based on my data as the pipe diameter increases the flow speed decreases meaning they have an inverse relationship.
●
For a given flow rate, how does the pressure at the bottom of the pipe change as the pipe diameter changes? So based on the data from my given table I know that as pipe diameter increases so does the pressure in pka ●
For a given flow rate and pipe diameter, how does the pressure change as the fluid density changes? Fluid density and pressure has a direct relationship
so as the fluid density increases so will the pressure.
●
Describe the profile of the flow. Is it the same for all cases? So we know that flow is faster when the diameter is smaller. So because of this inverse relationship we know that as the change of diameter increases the flow change will increase. Based on the data above we can say that it applies to all cases.
densit
y
pipe
diamet
er (m)
flow
speed
(m/s)
pressure (kPa)
flow
rate
Q =
vA
(m
3
/s)
location 1
wate
r
2 1.5 129.6 5m^3/s
location 2
wate
r
4
0.4 140.3 5m^3/s
Insert your table into your log. Answer the following question.
Izabella Harmon
●
Did you verify the equation of continuity? The equation of continuity states that in a pipeline that the mass in minus the mass out = the change in mass. In other word was there conservation of mass and that would be yes.
●
At which location do you measure the higher pressure? What is the pressure difference in kPa? The higher pressure is at location 2 where the pressure is 140.3 pka.
Part (c)
Now reset all. Turn on friction. Adjust the flow rate so that the speed as close to the wall of the straight pipe as you can measure is 0.6 m/s. ●
What is the speed of the liquid in the middle of the pipe in m/s? The speed of the liquid in the middle of the pipe is 1.5 m/s ●
Describe the the profile of the flow. Compare it to the profile without friction. When friction is taken out of the equation the speed appears to be higher ●
Comment on the effects of friction (viscosity). Viscosity can be defined as the interactions between the molecules found in a fluid so the higher the viscosity the harder it is for the fluid to flow.
Exploration 2:
●
Keeping everything else the same, does the flow speed of the water depend upon the height of water level in the tank? Yes the flow speed is dependent on the height of the water level in the tank.
Justify your answer by giving the numbers for the flow speed for two different
water levels. The water was filled around 13.5 m/s and the halfway speed was about 7.9 m/s
●
Keeping everything else the same, does the speed of the flow of the water depend upon the height of the tank? When the water tower increases in distance the speed will increase as the water travels a greater distance.
Justify your answer by giving the numbers for the flow speed for two different
tank heights. At 13 m high the water speed was 20.5 m/s and at 5m high the speed of the water was 17.3 m/s.
●
Does the speed of the flow depend upon the fluid density? T
he speed flow does not depend on the fluid density.
Justify your answer by describing how you checked this? In the lab when changing the density setting the was not a change in the other variables ●
What happens to the stream of fluid after it leaves the tank? Speed continues
to go up ●
How far (horizontally) will a stream of water travel if it exits the water tower at 14 m/s, 10 m above the ground? 20.3 m
(Click "Match Release", open the hole in the bottom of the tank, and then click "Fill". Use the yellow handle to move the tank vertically.)
Exercise ●
Is increasing blood pressure 5 - 10 times higher a viable option? What percentage increase in blood pressure is reasonable? Explain! There is a 50% increase in blood pressure from the exercise
Izabella Harmon
normally. Your body is moving blood faster during exercise so increasing blood pressure is not an option. ●
Is decreasing the length of your blood vessels a viable option? Explain! Decreasing the length of blood vessels is not a viable option that will ultimately decrease the rate of blood flow. ●
The arterioles (small arteries) are surrounded by circular muscles. In order to increase the blood flow rate by a factor of 5, what percentage increase in the radius of a blood vessel is needed? (This is called vasodilatation.)
20%. If your pressure was 120 and you multiply it by 5, then divide you will find that it would take a 20% increase
●
Arteries in the human body can be constricted when plaque builds up on the inside walls. How does this affect the blood flow rate through this artery? Is it possible for the body to keep the flow rate constant? Explain! I
t will cause pressure to rise. You can not keep a constant flow rate from the build up and will need outside intervention.
Experiment ●
Calculate the viscosity η of the shampoo using your measured velocity in units of poise = g/(cm-s). 13.67
Use the densities in units of g/cm
3
, the speed in units of cm/s, the radius of the sphere in units of cm and g = 981 cm/s
2
.
(1 Pa-s = 1 kg/(m s) = 10 g/(cm-s) = 10 poise)
●
Calculate the Reynolds number R = 2ρ
fluid
r
sphere
v/η. It is a dimensionless number.
Check that the Reynolds number is less than 1, so that we are in the regime where Stokes' law is valid. Reynolds number less than 1
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Izabella Harmon
●
The table below lists typical viscosities of some viscous fluids at room temperature. Does your value for the viscosity of the shampoo
seem reasonable? Discuss. From the data I got a reasonable number
to prove stokes fluid
viscosity (Pa-s)
honey
2 - 10
molasses
5 - 10
ketchup
50 - 100
chocolate syrup
10 - 25
●
Predict the terminal velocity of a sphere made of the same material but with diameter of 3/8 inch in the same fluid. Terminal velocity would be greater due to the greater surface and diameter.
Reflection:
In this lab I used many different explorations to connect concerts in this class. The biggest thing from part one was the relation between density of
a fluid, Flow speed, and pressure. I was able to find that in all cases I had the same flow rate and that the flow rate had an inverse relationship with the diameter of the pipe. Therefore from this data I was able to conclude that as the diameter of the pipe increases the flow speed would decrease. Also based on my data I was able to take away that pressure and diameter
had a direct relationship. So as the diameter increases so does the pressure. Pressure also has a direct relationship with fluid density. This data was consistent during that whole part. I was also able to verify that there was conservation of mass. Moving on to the next part of exploration,I was able to see how changes to different variables affect others. For example when changing fluid density there was no change in speed flow. For the exercise I was able to see what changes in our bodies blood flow system would change our bodies. In the experiment I was able to practice using excel to create a graph that shows change in position over time of the steel sphere as it falls due to gravity in the shampoo. Work:
Izabella Harmon